Table 2.
Reference values for each nutrient, percentage of observed diets attaining each reference value (RV) for the whole sample and across the four groups of children a.
| Nutrients | Reference Value | All (n = 1147) | No YCF, No Suppl a | No YCF, Suppl a | YCF, No Suppl a | YCF & Suppl a | p-Unadjusted Analysis * | p-Adjusted Analysis ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 707) | (n = 56) | (n = 341) | (n = 43) | |||||
| Macronutrients | ||||||||
| Water (H2O) | ≥1100 mL/day b | 28.2 | 29.3 | 26.8 | 25.2 | 37.2 | 0.30 | 0.18 |
| Proteins | ≥1.14 g/kg body weight c | 99.9 | 100 | 100 | 99.7 | 100 | 0.50 *** | 0.99 *** |
| Carbohydrates | 45%–60% energy d | 82.0 | 80.9 | 83.9 | 85.6 | 69.8 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Carbohydrates min | ≥45% of energy d | 90.0 | 86.3 | 87.5 | 97.1 | 97.7 | <0.001 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates max | ≤60% of energy d | 92.0 | 94.6 | 96.4 | 88.6 | 72.1 | <0.001 | <0.0001 |
| Fiber | >10 g/day b | 20.6 | 15.3 | 10.7 | 30.8 | 39.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total fats | 35%–40% energy d | 43.7 | 45.0 | 51.8 | 41.9 | 25.6 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| Total fats min | ≥35% of energy d | 59.0 | 62.9 | 66.1 | 54.0 | 25.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total fats max | ≤40% of energy d | 84.7 | 82.0 | 85.7 | 88.0 | 100 | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| n-6 FA | ≥3% energy f | 86.7 | 81.2 | 80.4 | 97.6 | 100.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 *** |
| n-3 FA | ≥0.5% energy f | 77.0 | 68.3 | 69.6 | 93.5 | 97.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitamins | ||||||||
| Thiamin | ≥0.5 mg/day c | 95.1 | 94.1 | 98.2 | 96.2 | 100.0 | 0.12 *** | 0.03 *** |
| Riboflavin | ≥0.8 mg/day b | 93.1 | 93.5 | 96.4 | 90.9 | 100.0 | 0.08 *** | 0.37 *** |
| Niacin | ≥9 mg nicotinic acid eq/day c | 97.3 | 98.6 | 98.2 | 94.4 | 97.7 | 0.001 *** | 0.007 |
| Pantothenic acid | ≥4 mg/day b | 77.3 | 83.0 | 89.3 | 63.3 | 79.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 min | ≥0.7 mg/day c | 86.9 | 93.5 | 96.4 | 71.5 | 88.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 max | ≤5 mg/day e | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | N.A. | N.A. |
| Biotin | ≥20 μg/day b | 60.1 | 66.0 | 67.9 | 48.4 | 44.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Folates | ≥100 μg/day c | 88.7 | 87.1 | 92.9 | 90.0 | 100.0 | 0.03 | 0.02 *** |
| Vitamin B12 | ≥0.9 μg/day c | 99.6 | 99.6 | 100.0 | 99.7 | 100.0 | 0.92 *** | 0.91 *** |
| Vitamin C | ≥20 mg/day c | 95.9 | 93.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | <0.001 *** | 0.99 *** |
| Vitamin D min | ≥10 μg/day b | 7.9 | 0 | 16.1 | 15.5 | 67.4 | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
| Vitamin D max | ≤50 μg/day e | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | N.A. | N.A. |
| Vitamin E | ≥6 mg tocopherol eq/d b | 29.2 | 5.7 | 33.9 | 70.4 | 83.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Retinol equivalent | ≥400 μg /day b | 79.2 | 70.9 | 94.6 | 92.1 | 95.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Retinol | ≤800 μg/day e | 98.5 | 99.6 | 89.3 | 99.4 | 86.0 | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
| Minerals | ||||||||
| Sodium | ≥170 mg/day b | 99.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.4 | 100.0 | 0.19 *** | 0.97 *** |
| Potassium | ≥800 mg/day c | 97.4 | 98.2 | 98.2 | 95.3 | 100.0 | 0.03 *** | 0.05 *** |
| Magnesium | ≥85 mg/day c | 93.3 | 95.3 | 94.6 | 89.1 | 90.7 | 0.002 *** | 0.001 *** |
| Chloride | ≥270 mg/day b | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | N.A. | N.A. |
| Calcium | ≥600 mg/day c | 78.2 | 82.6 | 76.8 | 69.2 | 79.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus | ≥460 mg/day c | 94.2 | 96.0 | 96.4 | 90.0 | 93.0 | 0.001 *** | 0.002 *** |
| Iodine min | ≥90 µg/day b,c | 88.1 | 91.65 | 91.1 | 81.2 | 79.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Iodine max | ≤200 µg/day e | 62.1 | 49.1 | 50.0 | 87.7 | 88.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Iron | ≥8 mg/day b,c | 28.2 | 9.9 | 19.6 | 61.0 | 79.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Copper min | ≥0.4 mg/day c | 71.9 | 64.9 | 69.6 | 84.2 | 93.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Copper max | ≤1 mg/day e | 99.5 | 99.9 | 98.2 | 98.8 | 100.0 | 0.08 *** | 0.13 *** |
| Zinc min | ≥4 mg/day c | 91.6 | 89.1 | 89.3 | 96.2 | 100.0 | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
| Zinc max | ≤7 mg/day e | 91.2 | 97.2 | 91.1 | 81.8 | 67.4 | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
| Selenium min | ≥20 µg/day c | 59.4 | 55.3 | 60.7 | 66.3 | 69.8 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Selenium max | ≤60 µg/day e | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | N.A. | N.A. |
| Manganese | ≥0.5 mg/day b | 96.4 | 97.0 | 100.0 | 94.4 | 97. 7 | 0.07 *** | 0.94 *** |
a “no YCF, no Suppl” refers to children who did not consume either YCFs or supplements during the four days of dietary record; “no YCF, Suppl” refers to those who did not consume YCFs, but who consumed supplements; “YCF, no Suppl” refers to those who consumed YCFs, but not supplements; “YCF & Suppl” refers to those who consumed both YCFs and supplements. b Requirement derived by the EFSA from an adequate intake. c Requirement derived by the EFSA from a Population Reference Intake. d Requirement derived by the EFSA from a reference intake range. e Requirement derived by the EFSA from a tolerable upper intake level. f Based on Nordic recommendations [26]. * Unadjusted analysis, using a chi-squared test for the percentage of observed diets attaining each RV; ** analysis adjusted for age and energy intake, using logistic regression for the percentage of observed diets attaining each RV; *** p-value to be interpreted with caution due to the presence of 100% or 0% in one group.