Table 3.
Food categories and subcategories quantities (g/day) in observed diets and diets modeled with the all-foods models a, for the four groups of children.
| All 1 (n = 1147) | No YCF, No Suppl b2 (n = 707) | No YCF, Suppl b3 (n = 56) | YCF, No Suppl b4 (n = 341) | YCF & Suppl b5 (n = 43) | Test of Modeled vs. Observed Variation Across Groups | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observed | Modeled | Observed | Modeled | Observed | Modeled | Observed | Modeled | Observed | Modeled | Unadjusted p | Adjusted p ** | |||||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Supplements 1,2,3,4 | 0.11 | 0.54 | 0.74 | 1.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 1.03 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 1.82 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.59 | 1.29 | 1.37 | 1.35 | 1.36 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dairy products 1,2,3,4 | 503 | 185 | 529 | 134 | 484 | 185 | 512 | 128 | 519 | 207 | 441 | 157 | 536 | 178 | 577 | 126 | 539 | 177 | 551 | 124 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| YCF 1,2,3,4 | 119 | 200 | 345 | 154 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 312 | 132 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 157 | 135 | 353 | 186 | 439 | 143 | 383 | 190 | 399 | 155 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cow’s milk 1,2,3,4 | 303 | 228 | 122 | 87.9 | 399 | 200 | 133 | 86.9 | 413 | 203 | 192 | 125 | 113 | 142 | 88.2 | 69.3 | 88.8 | 117 | 106 | 76.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Breast milk | 20.7 | 89.0 | 20.7 | 89.0 | 24.1 | 94.5 | 24.1 | 94.5 | 46.2 | 155 | 46.2 | 155 | 11.6 | 63.1 | 11.6 | 63.1 | 4.65 | 21.3 | 4.65 | 21.3 | ||
| Fresh dairy products 1,2,3,4,5 | 51.5 | 40.0 | 33.9 | 33.1 | 52.0 | 40.3 | 34.7 | 33.6 | 51.6 | 39.1 | 38.2 | 34.0 | 50.5 | 39.3 | 31.8 | 32.1 | 51.7 | 43.1 | 32.7 | 31.8 | 0.73 | 0.79 |
| Cheese and cream 1,2,4 | 8.49 | 9.71 | 7.49 | 8.66 | 8.47 | 9.69 | 7.75 | 8.81 | 8.22 | 9.87 | 7.19 | 8.46 | 8.23 | 9.44 | 6.76 | 7.97 | 11.1 | 11.6 | 9.43 | 11.1 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
| Fruit and vegetable 1,2,3,4,5 | 156 | 99.0 | 222 | 91.1 | 161 | 97.2 | 223 | 90.3 | 185 | 115 | 268 | 94.2 | 139 | 96.0 | 211 | 88.9 | 167 | 112 | 228 | 98.4 | 0.03 | 0.10 |
| Fruits 1,2,3,4 | 78.5 | 63.0 | 94.7 | 65.6 | 81.3 | 62.3 | 94.6 | 64.5 | 95.2 | 73.7 | 116 | 67.1 | 69.5 | 60.2 | 91.8 | 66.5 | 81.1 | 73.1 | 92. 6 | 69.8 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Vegetables 1,2,3,4,5 | 56.1 | 44.9 | 106 | 52.5 | 56.7 | 45.1 | 105 | 51.9 | 69.3 | 51.3 | 132 | 53.3 | 51.9 | 43.0 | 103 | 53.4 | 62.3 | 44.5 | 115.3 | 46.6 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| Fruit juice | 13.0 | 38.7 | 12.4 | 33.1 | 13.2 | 37.7 | 13.2 | 33.8 | 13.3 | 33.3 | 12.4 | 30.5 | 11.4 | 39.6 | 10.1 | 31.1 | 22.1 | 52.4 | 17.8 | 39.0 | 0.77 | 0.90 |
| Soups | 8.63 | 25.3 | 8.37 | 23.9 | 10.3 | 28.8 | 10.2 | 27.9 | 7.45 | 12.6 | 7.29 | 12.4 | 6.20 | 19.6 | 5.48 | 16.3 | 1.36 | 5.63 | 2.36 | 9.16 | 0.48 | 0.39 |
| Starchy foods 1,2,4,5 | 119 | 60.8 | 105 | 60.0 | 128 | 60.4 | 113 | 60.7 | 118 | 56.4 | 115 | 63.7 | 101 | 57.9 | 88. 9 | 54.3 | 111 | 66.7 | 94.9 | 60.5 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
| Bread 1,2,4,5 | 27.9 | 19.8 | 20.6 | 17.4 | 30.9 | 21.0 | 23.2 | 18.6 | 21.4 | 13.9 | 19.1 | 14.1 | 24.0 | 17.6 | 16.6 | 14.5 | 18.2 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 12.5 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Other starchy foods 1,2 | 91.0 | 57.1 | 84.7 | 54.8 | 97.0 | 56.2 | 89.9 | 55.0 | 96.6 | 55.5 | 95.8 | 59.1 | 77.5 | 55.9 | 72.3 | 51.46 | 92.7 | 67.2 | 81.7 | 58.4 | 0.40 | 0.34 |
| Meat fish eggs 1,2,3,4,5 | 51.5 | 34.8 | 60.5 | 34.7 | 54.9 | 35.3 | 64.9 | 34.9 | 49.2 | 30.4 | 64.5 | 32.6 | 45.5 | 32.1 | 51.4 | 31.6 | 47.3 | 44.9 | 55.5 | 44.2 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meat 3 | 34.6 | 28.6 | 35.1 | 27.9 | 38.1 | 30.1 | 38.3 | 29.0 | 27.5 | 21.1 | 33.4 | 25.3 | 28.9 | 24.6 | 29.4 | 24.2 | 30.1 | 31.9 | 30.7 | 31.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fish 1,2 | 9.77 | 14.1 | 10.9 | 14.5 | 9.91 | 14.3 | 11.2 | 14.5 | 11.3 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 17.4 | 9.33 | 13.4 | 10.2 | 14.1 | 9.07 | 13.4 | 10.4 | 14.6 | 0.65 | 0.77 |
| Eggs 1,2,3,4,5 | 7.20 | 11.5 | 14.5 | 17.8 | 6.87 | 11.3 | 15.4 | 19.0 | 10.5 | 14.3 | 19.7 | 19.2 | 7.23 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 14.8 | 8.18 | 9.42 | 14.4 | 15.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sweets & salted foods and drinks 1,2,4 | 74.5 | 128 | 65.0 | 120 | 88.6 | 146 | 77.6 | 138 | 70.1 | 112 | 67.8 | 110 | 48.5 | 79.4 | 41.1 | 76.3 | 52.8 | 83.5 | 44.9 | 72.2 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
| Savory foods 1 | 2.16 | 3.78 | 2.00 | 3.62 | 2.51 | 3.99 | 2.35 | 3.84 | 1.76 | 3.91 | 1.81 | 3.99 | 1.57 | 3.21 | 1.38 | 2.93 | 1.60 | 3.65 | 1.51 | 3.64 | 0.86 | 0.75 |
| Soft drinks 1,2 | 42.0 | 120 | 39.3 | 115 | 52.9 | 140 | 48.9 | 133 | 42.2 | 107 | 41.7 | 107 | 21.4 | 70.0 | 20.9 | 69.4 | 25.8 | 64.9 | 24.0 | 64.1 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
| Sweet foods 1,2,4 | 30.3 | 31.4 | 23.7 | 25.7 | 33.2 | 30.6 | 26.3 | 26.7 | 26.1 | 26.1 | 24.2 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 30.3 | 18.8 | 22.8 | 25.5 | 48.7 | 19.4 | 25.7 | 0.29 | 0.24 |
| Toddlers foods and drink 1,2,4 | 62.9 | 108 | 57.0 | 91.9 | 41.9 | 83.1 | 37.9 | 69.4 | 78.4 | 118 | 74.8 | 103 | 94.4 | 129 | 85.5 | 110 | 138 | 170 | 123 | 144 | 0.18 | 0.36 |
| Toddlers foods | 52.7 | 85.1 | 50.9 | 81.9 | 35.6 | 65.8 | 34.5 | 63.0 | 67.7 | 90.6 | 68.2 | 92.9 | 81.4 | 107 | 77.8 | 103 | 86.2 | 92.5 | 83.5 | 89.1 | 0.49 | 0.78 |
| Toddlers drinks 1,2 | 10.2 | 51.4 | 6.15 | 34.6 | 6.32 | 41.6 | 3.31 | 27.9 | 10.8 | 47.4 | 6.55 | 25.2 | 13.0 | 56.1 | 7.72 | 36.0 | 52.3 | 111 | 39.9 | 83.8 | 0.28 | 0.34 |
| Added fats 1,2,3,4,5 | 4.80 | 4.17 | 6.34 | 5.01 | 5.14 | 4.31 | 6.75 | 5.10 | 4.55 | 3.39 | 7.04 | 4.70 | 4.34 | 4.04 | 5.39 | 4.71 | 3.30 | 2.83 | 6.14 | 5.12 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Animal fats 1,5 | 1.70 | 3.37 | 1.92 | 3.62 | 1.67 | 3.43 | 1.85 | 3.60 | 1.64 | 2.47 | 1.86 | 2.88 | 1.83 | 3.49 | 1.94 | 3.62 | 1.35 | 2.25 | 2.92 | 4.72 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Vegetable fats 1,2,3,4,5 | 3.10 | 3.46 | 4.42 | 4.38 | 3.47 | 3.65 | 4.90 | 4.53 | 2.91 | 3.13 | 5.18 | 4.57 | 2.51 | 3.12 | 3.46 | 3.94 | 1.96 | 2.22 | 3.23 | 3.28 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
| Water 1,2,3,4,5 | 121 | 129 | 231 | 154 | 119 | 134 | 223 | 162 | 158 | 125 | 301 | 152 | 116 | 120 | 235 | 137 | 141 | 124 | 238 | 118 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| Low calorie drinks, tea and coffee | 97.8 | 174 | 97.3 | 173 | 122 | 197 | 121 | 196 | 32.7 | 70.9 | 32.7 | 70.9 | 67.4 | 130 | 67.4 | 130 | 23.2 | 51.7 | 23.2 | 51.7 | 0.67 | 0.73 |
| Low calorie drinks | 93.9 | 172 | 93.4 | 171 | 118 | 195 | 117 | 193 | 29.3 | 68.3 | 29.3 | 68.3 | 64.0 | 128 | 64.0 | 128 | 19.6 | 51.6 | 19.6 | 51.6 | 0.67 | 0.73 |
| Tea coffee | 3.89 | 20.4 | 3.89 | 20.4 | 4.20 | 22.1 | 4.20 | 22.1 | 3.44 | 13.4 | 3.44 | 13.4 | 3.37 | 18.4 | 3.37 | 18.4 | 3.58 | 12.3 | 3.58 | 12.3 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
| Others c,1,2,3,4 | 7.27 | 11.1 | 8.95 | 12.5 | 7.95 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 12.6 | 5.71 | 8.83 | 7.64 | 9.91 | 6.48 | 12.4 | 7.35 | 12.9 | 4.27 | 8.70 | 5.06 | 9.11 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
a “All-foods models” refers to the linear programming models where all of the foods reported as consumed by the sample were taken as variables; b “no YCF, no Suppl” refers to children who did not consume either YCFs or supplements during the four days of dietary record; “no YCF, Suppl” refers to those who did not consume YCFs, but who consumed supplements; “YCF, no Suppl” refers to those who consumed YCFs, but not supplements; “YCF & Suppl” refers to those who consumed both YCFs and supplements; c others include savory sauces, pickles, gravies, condiments, powders for drinks and wine; 1 indicates a significant difference (p < 0.01) between food quantities from observed and modeled diets in the overall sample; 2 indicates significant difference (p < 0.01) between food quantities from observed and modeled diets in the “no YCF no Suppl” group of children; 3 indicates significant difference (p < 0.01) between food quantities from observed and modeled diets in the “no YCF Suppl” group of children; 4 indicates significant difference (p < 0.01) between food quantities from observed and modeled diets in the “YCF no Suppl” group of children; 5 indicates significant difference (p < 0.01) between food quantities from observed and modeled diets in the “YCF & Suppl” group of children; ** analysis adjusted for age and energy intake, using the general linear model for variation between modeled and observed quantities across groups.