. 2016 Sep 7;8(9):550. doi: 10.3390/nu8090550

Table 3.

Physiological Responses (Mean ± SD) during Constant-Load Cycling (50% W_max).

Variable	NT		ICT		RVT		Treatment Differences
Variable	CHO	CP	CHO	CP	CHO	CP	NT-ICT	ICT-RVT	NT-RVT
VO₂ (mL·min⁻¹)	2767 ± 368	2704 ± 496	2679 ± 404 ^(P-N)	2563 ± 418 ^(L-N)	2671 ± 389	2587 ± 501 ^(L-N)	−53 ± 190	32 ± 204	−20 ± 275
							13/47/40	33/46/21	27/36/37
							Unclear	Unclear	Unclear
Heart Rate (bt·min⁻¹)	137 ± 16	138 ± 13	135 ± 12	133 ± 14 ^(P-N)	141 ± 15 ^(P-N)	134 ± 13 ^(P-N)	−3 ± 9	−6 ± 6	−9 ± 9
							10/39/51	2/24/74	2/12/85
							Unclear	Possible	Likely
RER	0.81 ± 0.04	0.83 ± 0.02	0.84 ± 0.11	0.80 ± 0.04 ^(L-N)	0.87 ± 0.02 ^(ML-N)	0.84 ± 0.03 ^(L-I)	−0.05 ± 0.05	0.01 ± 0.08	−0.04 ± 0.03
							4/3/93	49/12/39	2/2/96
							Likely	Unclear	Very likely
Glucose (mg·dL⁻¹)	87 ± 8	80 ± 6	93 ± 7 ^(L-N)	83 ± 11	91 ± 5	86 ± 7 ^(L-N)	−3 ± 16	5 ± 16	2 ± 9
							30/13/57	66/11/23	56/23/21
							Unclear	Unclear	Unclear
Lactate (mmol·L⁻¹)	1.1 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.5	0.9 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.8	−0.3 ± 0.7	−0.2 ± 0.8
							46/20/35	18/24/58	31/20/50
							Unclear	Unclear	Unclear
RPE (6–20)	12.0 ± 1.0	11.7 ± 2.3	12.3 ± 1.9	12.0 ± 2.2 ^(P-N)	11.4 ± 2.2 ^(L-I)	11.6 ± 2.2 ^(P-I)	0.0 ± 1.1	0.4 ± 0.6	0.4 ± 1.3
							44/28/28	73/24/3	66/18/16
							Unclear	Possible	Unclear

Treatment effects are mean ± 90% CI, % likelihoods positive/trivial/negative effects, and semantic inference. ^P-N = possibly different than NT, ^L-N = likely different than NT, ^VL-N = very likely different than NT, ^ML-N = most likely different than NT, ^P-I = possibly different than ICT, ^L-I = likely different than ICT. NT = normal training; ICT = intensified cycle training; RVT = reduced volume training; CHO = carbohydrate supplementation; CP = carbohydrate + protein supplementation; VO₂ = oxygen uptake; RER = respiratory exchange ratio; RPE = rating of perceived exertion.