. 2016 Sep 7;8(9):550. doi: 10.3390/nu8090550

Table 4.

Muscle Fiber Size (Mean ± SD) following Normal, Intensified, and Reduced-Volume Training.

Variable	NT		ICT		RVT		Treatment Differences
Variable	CHO	CP	CHO	CP	CHO	CP	NT-ICT	ICT-RVT	NT-RVT
Peak Torque at 120 deg/s (N·m)	110 ± 29	93 ± 22	99 ± 23 ^(L-N)	99 ± 23 ^(P-N)	98 ± 31 ^(L-N)	95 ± 19	17 ± 12 95/5/1 Likely	−2 ± 23 32/35/33 Unclear	14 ± 18 84/12/4 Likely positive
Peak Torque at 120 deg/s (N·m)	110 ± 29	93 ± 22	99 ± 23 ^(L-N)	99 ± 23 ^(P-N)	98 ± 31 ^(L-N)	95 ± 19	17 ± 12 95/5/1 Likely	−2 ± 23 32/35/33 Unclear	_ADJ = 6 ± 16 59/31/10 Unclear
Peak Torque at 240 deg/s (N·m)	77 ± 24	72 ± 22	68 ± 18 ^(L-N)	69 ± 10	72 ± 27	69 ± 15	6 ± 16 64/25/11 Unclear	−5 ± 12 10/42/48 Unclear	1 ± 18 47/29/24 Unclear
Peak Torque at 240 deg/s (N·m)	77 ± 24	72 ± 22	68 ± 18 ^(L-N)	69 ± 10	72 ± 27	69 ± 15	6 ± 16 64/25/11 Unclear	_ADJ = −11 ± 11 2/14/84 Likely	_ADJ = −6 ± 16 16/29/55 Unclear
MHC I CSA (μm²)	5273 ± 1355	4823 ± 1319	5356 ± 897	5401 ± 1119 ^(VL-N)	5925 ±1680	N/A	496 ± 856 80/16/4 Likely	N/A	N/A
MHC II CSA (μm²)	5605 ± 1512	5105 ± 2004	5685 ± 1457	5840 ± 1822 ^(L-N)	6131 ± 1852	N/A	655 ± 1276 76/17/7 Unclear	N/A	N/A
Muscle Soreness (mm, 0–100)	39 ± 20	35 ± 24	65 ± 12 ^(VL-N)	55 ± 26 ^(VL-N)	38 ± 20 ^(VL-I)	34 ± 22 ^(VL-I)	−6 ± 21 52/26/22 Unclear	5 ± 20 54/19/27 Unclear	0 ± 17 61/13/26 Unclear

Treatment effects are mean ± 90% CI, % likelihoods of positive/trivial/negative effects, and semantic inference. ^P-N = possibly different than NT, ^L-N = likely different than NT, ^VL-N = very likely different than NT, ^VL-I = very likely different than ICT. _ADJ = values adjusted for very likely effects of treatment order. NT = normal training; ICT = intensified cycle training; RVT = reduced volume training; CHO = carbohydrate supplementation; CP = carbohydrate + protein supplementation.