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. 2016 Aug 24;17(9):1343. doi: 10.3390/ijms17091343

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of LFs on pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. (A) Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) levels in serum. ELISA kits specific to each cytokine were used to detected levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.01 vs. model, ^## p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control; (B) mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the colonic tissues. qRT-PCR analysis was carried out to evaluate mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.01 vs. model, ^## p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control; (C) mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the colonic tissues by qRT-PCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.01 vs. model, ^## p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control. (D) Immunohistochemical staining of Cox-2 in colonic tissues.