. 2016 Aug 23;17(9):1376. doi: 10.3390/ijms17091376

Table 3.

Mechanical properties of protein-based films.

Film Modification	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Elongation (%)	Elastic Modulus (MPa)	Source
Heating
Heat treatment of solution
WPI: 70 °C:5 min	3.4 ± 0.4	7 ± 1	156 ± 17	[79]
WPI: 70 °C:10 min	3.3 ± 0.1	8 ± 2	141 ± 10	[79]
WPI: 70 °C:15 min	4.5 ± 0.2	9 ± 0.4	194 ± 12	[79]
WPI: 70 °C:20 min	4.9 ± 0.2	17 ± 5	192 ± 13	[79]
WPI: 80 °C:5 min	3.8 ± 0.3	7 ± 1	159 ± 24	[79]
WPI: 80 °C:10 min	7 ± 2	18 ± 3	299 ± 62	[79]
WPI: 80 °C:15 min	12 ± 2	17 ± 4	346 ± 71	[79]
WPI: 80 °C:20 min	14 ± 2	18 ± 4	460 ± 42	[79]
WPI: 90 °C:5 min	8 ± 2	3 ± 1	327 ± 71	[77]
WPI: 90 °C:10 min	12 ± 2	14 ± 3	429 ± 59	[79]
WPI: 90 °C:15 min	12 ± 2	16 ± 3	427 ± 41	[79]
WPI: 90 °C:20 min	13 ± 2	16 ± 5	472 ± 57	[79]
WPI: 90 °C:30 min	6.9	41	199	[75]
WPI: 100 °C:5 min	8 ± 3	14 ± 3	342 ± 32	[79]
WPI: 100 °C:10 min	10 ± 3	14 ± 4	419 ± 53	[79]
WPI: 100 °C:15 min	12 ± 2	15 ± 5	425 ± 28	[79]
WPI: 100 °C:20 min	9 ± 2	18 ± 3	429 ± 28	[79]
SPI control	11.2 ± 2.0	10.2 ± 5.5	928 ± 233	[84]
SPI: 85 °C	12.8 ± 2.7	16.8 ± 6.6	992 ± 276	[84]
Heat treatment of the film
SPI: 60 °C:24 h	11 ^a	180 ^a	n/a	[23]
SPI: 70 °C:24 h	9 ^a	170 ^a	n/a	[23]
SPI: 80 °C:24 h	13 ^a	160 ^a	n/a	[23]
SPI control	8.2 ± 0.2	30 ± 3.3	n/a	[78]
SPI: 90 °C:24 h	14.7 ± 0.4	6.1 ± 0.7	n/a	[78]
WG control	1.7 ± 0.3	501 ± 46	13 ± 3	[27]
WG: 80 °C:15 min	2.4 ± 0.4	391 ± 58	29 ± 13	[27]
WG: 95 °C:15 min	2.5 ± 0.3	386 ± 75	30 ± 11	[27]
WG: 110 °C:15 min	3.1 ± 0.4	327 ± 58	37 ± 10	[27]
WG: 125 °C:15 min	6.3 ± 0.5	275 ± 12	40 ± 14	[27]
WG: 140 °C:15 min	7.3 ± 1.2	170 ± 26	98 ± 16	[27]
WG: 140 °C:1.5 min	4.2 ± 1.1	326 ± 49	37 ± 8	[27]
Ultrasound
WPC control	3.36 ± 0.24	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 168 kHz:1.9 W:0.5 h	2.75 ±0.32	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 168 kHz:1.9 W:1 h	4.40 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 520 kHz:3 W:0.5 h	3.67 ± 0.47	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 520 kHz:3 W:1 h	4.92 ± 0.72	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 168 kHz:3.35 W:0.5 h	1.75 ± 0.85	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 168 kHz:3.35 W:1 h	3.08 ± 0.28	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 520 kHz:5.22 W:0.5 h	2.75 ± 0.36	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPC: 520 kHz:5.22 W:0.5 h	4.47 ± 0.14	n/a	n/a	[151]
WPI control	1.1 ^a	n/a	19 ^a	[150]
WPI: amplitude 16 µm	1.1 ^a	n/a	18 ^a	[150]
WPI: amplitude 80 µm	1.1 ^a	n/a	20 ^a	[150]
WPI: amplitude 160 µm	1.2 ^a	n/a	17 ^a	[150]
UV and γ-irradiation
UV irradiation of solution
WPI control	4.68 ± 0.39	114.0 ± 14.2	n/a	[173]
WPI: 324 J·cm⁻²	6.40 ± 0.30	110.0 ± 15.5	n/a	[173]
SPI control	n/a	n/a	299 ± 13	[174]
SPI: 125 W:2 h	n/a	n/a	309 ± 27	[174]
SPI control	3.7 ^a	124.2 ^a	n/a	[162]
SPI: 51.8 J·m⁻²	5.25 ^a	113 ^a	n/a	[162]
UV irradiation of the film
WPI control	6.8 ^MD	42 ^MD	118 ^MD	[13]
WPI: 2.3 J·cm⁻²	8.2 ^MD	50 ^MD	125 ^MD	[13]
WPI: 10.2 J·cm⁻²	8.1 ^MD	53 ^MD	95 ^MD	[13]
WPI: 19.0 J·cm⁻²	8 ^MD	54 ^MD	62 ^MD	[13]
WPI: 31.4 J·cm⁻²	8.8 ^MD	39 ^MD	115 ^MD	[13]
SPI control	n/a	n/a	299 ± 13	[174]
SPI: 125 W:2 h	n/a	n/a	256 ± 42	[174]
SPI control	8.2 ± 0.2	30 ± 3.3	n/a	[78]
SPI: 51.8 J·m⁻²	10.0 ± 0.6	23.3 ± 5.6	n/a	[78]
WG control	1.2 ± 0.2	n/a	n/a	[163]
WG: 51.8 J·m⁻²	2.0 ± 0.1	n/a	n/a	[163]
WG control	1.7 ± 0.3	501 ± 46	13 ± 3	[27]
WG: 0.25 J·cm⁻²	2.0 ± 0.3	424 ± 97	18 ± 6	[27]
WG: 1 J·cm⁻²	2.0 ± 0.3	478 ± 70	15 ± 4	[27]
γ-irradiation of the film
WG control	2.1 ± 0.5	384 ± 82	29 ± 4	[27]
WG: 10 kGy	3.0 ± 0.7	261 ± 82	52 ± 15	[27]
WG: 20 kGy	2.6 ± 0.4	344 ± 45	36 ± 6	[27]
WG: 40 kGy	2.7 ± 0.4	297 ± 54	38 ± 7	[27]
Compression Molding
WPI: 30% Gly:0.81 MPa:113 °C	7.5 ^a	35 ^a	180 ^a	[82]
WPI: 30% Gly:0.81 MPa:127 °C	10.5 ^a	35 ^a	275 ^a	[82]
WPI: 30% Gly:0.81 MPa:140 °C	10 ^a	38 ^a	245 ^a	[82]
WPI: 30% Gly:2.25MPa:113 °C	5.5 ^a	57 ^a	125 ^a	[82]
WPI: 30% Gly:2.25 MPa:127 °C	10 ^a	50 ^a	250 ^a	[82]
WPI: 30% Gly:2.25 MPa:140 °C	10.5 ^a	48 ^a	250 ^a	[82]
Chemical Modifications
Acylation
SPI control	2.5	n/a	n/a	[218]
SPI:acetylated	2.5	n/a	n/a	[218]
SPI:succinylated	2.6	n/a	n/a	[218]
Alkylation
SPI:PGA:pH 8	0.779 ± 0.076	18.3 ± 0.9	n/a	[209]
SPI:PGA:KOH	0.848 ± 0.069	22.8 ± 1.5	n/a	[209]
Hydrolysis
WPI control	4.35 ^a	75.8 ^a	140 ^a	[185]
WPI:5.5% DH	0.5 ^a	31.5 ^a	3 ^a	[185]
WPI:10% DH	1.5 ^a	7.7 ^a	50 ^a	[185]
pH alteration
WPI:pH 7	n/a	40 ± 4	78 ± 3	[236]
WPI:pH 8	n/a	54 ± 5	74 ± 2	[236]
WPI:pH 9	n/a	66 ± 7	64 ± 2	[236]
SPI:pH 6	3.5 ± 0.2	72 ± 13.2	n/a	[232]
SPI:pH 8	3.6 ± 0.4	139.5 ± 19.5	n/a	[232]
SPI:pH 10	3.6 ± 0.1	169.3 ± 9.3	n/a	[232]
SPI:pH 12	1.3 ± 0.5	66.5 ± 31.6	n/a	[232]
Enzymatic Crosslinking
WPI control	5.64 ± 0.64	n/a	n/a	[251]
WPI:TG	12.53 ± 1.12	n/a	n/a	[251]
WPI:SPI 11S control	6.26 ± 0.88	n/a	n/a	[251]
WPI:SPI 11S:TG	17.86 ± 1.44	n/a	n/a	[251]
WPI control	4 ^a	25 ^a	n/a	[261]
WPI:TG	3.2 ^a	105 ^a	n/a	[261]
WPI:Chitosan 0.25 mg·cm⁻²	9.5 ± 0.6	14.1 ± 0.59	n/a	[262]
WPI:Chitosan:TG	26.2 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 0.3	n/a	[262]
SPI 11S control	7.61 ± 0.71	n/a	n/a	[251]
SPI 11S:TG	16.4 ± 1.38	n/a	n/a	[251]
SPI control	11.2 ± 2.0	10.2 ± 5.5	928 ± 233	[84]
SPI:Horseradish Peroxidase	n/a	1.1 ± 0.5	1503 ± 129	[84]
SPI:Pectin control	6.8 ± 0.92	11.61 ± 1.09	n/a	[270]
SPI:Pectin:TG	12.4 ± 1.05	7.2 ± 1.03	n/a	[270]
SPI:Gly control	2.21 ± 0.25	159.87 ± 9.20	n/a	[257]
SPI:Gly:mTG	2.58 ± 0.28	105.88 ± 9.20	n/a	[257]
SPI:Gly:Sorbitol control	2.58 ± 0.11	102.04 ± 13.68	n/a	[257]
SPI:Gly:Sorbitol:mTG	3.10 ± 0.17	80.04 ± 5.40	n/a	[257]
SPI:Sorbitol control	4.16 ± 0.04	101.77 ± 15.60	n/a	[257]
SPI:Sorbitol:mTG	4.48 ± 0.35	27.33 ± 3.61	n/a	[257]
SPI:mTG 0 U·g⁻¹	3.12 ± 0.25	167.1 ± 22.8	n/a	[271]
SPI:mTG 4 U·g⁻¹	3.75 ± 0.30	124.4 ± 11.8	n/a	[271]
SPI:mTG 10 U·g⁻¹	3.98 ± 0.20	108.1 ± 9.1	n/a	[271]
SPI:mTG 40 U·g⁻¹	1.75 ± 0.27	83.3 ± 12.1	n/a	[271]
SPI:mTG 60 U·g⁻¹	0.95 ± 0.18	57.4 ± 7.8	n/a	[271]
SPI:Gelatin control	33.78 ± 5.81	39.17 ± 6.76	n/a	[274]
SPI:Gelatin:TG 10%	65.73 ± 7.07	32.93 ± 7.04	n/a	[274]
SPI:Gelatin:TG 20%	45.32 ± 5.79	14.20 ± 3.66	n/a	[274]
SPI:Gelatin:TG 30%	42.74 ± 4.15	12.12 ± 4.29	n/a	[274]
WG:Putrescine control	1.12 ± 0.11	327 ± 32	6.76 ± 2.99	[276]
WG:Putrescine 0.09 mol:mol TG	1.61 ± 0.16	582 ± 57	2.15 ± 0.62	[276]
WG:Cadaverine control	0.94 ± 0.06	304 ± 73	9.51 ± 3.40	[276]
WG:Cadaverine 0.09 mol:mol TG	1.24 ± 0.15	522 ± 83	2.04 ± 0.34	[276]
WG:Diaminohexane control	0.89 ± 0.06	351 ± 81	6.50 ± 1.68	[276]
WG:Diaminohexane 0.09 mol:mol TG	1.87 ± 0.25	527 ± 85	3.96 ± 0.91	[276]
WG:Diaminooctance control	0.75 ± 0.06	413 ± 118	4.18 ± 1.43	[276]
WG:Diaminohectane 0.09 mol:mol TG	1.53 ± 0.24	501 ± 73	2.92 ± 0.15	[276]
Composite Films and Bioactive Compounds
WPI control	28.0 ^a	1.8 ^a	1675 ^a	[324]
WPI:40% carnauba wax	22.5 ^a	1.5 ^a	1700 ^a	[324]
WPI:40% candelilla wax	17.0 ^a	1.0 ^a	1800 ^a	[324]
WPI:40% milk fat fraction	19.0 ^a	2.2 ^a	975 ^a	[324]
WPI:40% BW	18.5 ^a	2.0 ^a	1200 ^a	[324]
WPI:Gly:BW (60:20:20) PS 0.5 µm	10.2 ± 0.8 ^a	4.9 ± 1.3 ^a	550 ± 20 ^a	[325]
WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60) PS 0.5 µm	5.5 ± 0.2 ^a	3 ± 0.2 ^a	430 ± 30 ^a	[325]
WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60) PS 1.0 µm	4.2 ± 0.3 ^a	2.7 ± 0.3 ^a	420 ± 10 ^a	[325]
WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60) PS 1.5 µm	3.0 ± 0.2 ^a	1.2 ± 0.2 ^a	410 ± 30 ^a	[325]
WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60) PS 2.0 µm	2.9 ± 0.05 ^a	1.2 ± 0.2 ^a	380 ± 15 ^a	[325]
WPI control	2.2 ± 0.11	20 ± 3	96 ± 3.7	[326]
WPI:Acetem	1.0 ± 0.08	29 ± 5	36 ± 3.3	[326]
WPI control	7.1 ± 1.8	29.8 ± 6.5	1.9 ± 0.9	[328]
WPI:Almond oil 0.5%	10.2 ± 1.9	21.9 ± 2.6	3.6 ± 0.7	[328]
WPI:Almond oil 1.0%	5.4 ± 0.8	53.7 ± 7.7	1.4 ± 0.2	[328]
WPI:Walnut oil 0.5%	11.8 ± 0.9	14.5 ± 4.5	3.8 ± 0.6	[328]
WPI:Walnut oil 1.0%	6.9 ± 1.5	24.9 ± 4.9	2.3 ± 0.6	[328]
WPI:Gly:(1:1)	2.9 ± 0.4	118 ± 20 ^a	41 ± 4	[329]
WPI:BW:Gly (1:1:1)	1.2 ± 0.1	30 ± 10 ^a	39 ± 12	[329]
WPI:CW:Gly (1:1:1)	3.1 ± 0.1	10 ± 1 ^a	124 ± 29	[329]
WPI control	2.0 ± 0.1 ^a	60 ± 5 ^a	48 ± 3 ^a	[331]
WPI:Gly:CAN 7.5 g:100 g	0.6 ± 0.1 ^a	65 ± 5 ^a	45 ± 3 ^a	[331]
WPI:Gly extruded	2.4 ± 0.1 ^a	90 ± 5 ^a	30 ± 1 ^a	[331]
WPI:Gly:CAN 7.5 g:100 g extruded	1.7 ± 0.2 ^a	55 ± 5 ^a	20 ± 1 ^a	[331]
WPI:Gly compressed extruded	2.1 ± 0.1 ^a	60 ± 5 ^a	15 ± 1 ^a	[331]
WPI:Gly:CAN 7.5 g:100 g compressed extruded	1.5 ± 0.1 ^a	30 ± 5 ^a	10 ± 2 ^a	[331]
WPI:TiO₂ 0% w/w	6 ± 1.5 ^a	13 ± 1 ^a	n/a	[281]
WPI:TiO₂ 1% w/w	8.25 ± 0.25 ^a	10 ± 2 ^a	n/a	[281]
WPI:TiO₂ 0 wt %	1.69 ± 0.03	55.56 ± 1.05	31.44 ± 3.03	[283]
WPI:TiO₂ 1 wt %	2.19 ± 3.03	40.11 ± 1.01	63.09 ± 1.98	[283]
WPI:TiO₂ 4 wt %	1.78 ± 0.08	12.14 ± 0.22	39.23 ± 3.65	[283]
WPI control	3.40 ± 0.58	50.9 ± 12.5	171.8 ± 14.3	[284]
WPI:Cloisite Na⁺	2.98 ± 0.29	42.4 ± 7.6	109.3 ± 18.0	[284]
WPI:Cloisite 30B	3.29 ± 0.10	51.7 ± 4.8	162.6 ± 37.9	[284]
WPI:Cloisite 20A	1.55 ± 0.32	29.1 ± 9.0	115.5 ± 13.5	[284]
WPI:ZNP 0 w/w	2.5 ± 0.1	50 ± 10 ^a	n/a	[285]
WPI:ZNP 0.4 w/w	3.9 ± 0.1 ^a	50 ± 5 ^a	n/a	[285]
WPI:ZNP 1.2 w/w	10.2 ± 0.3	35 ± 5 ^a	n/a	[285]
WPI control	1.902 ± 0.123	126.8 ± 3.9	20.21 ± 2.26	[308]
WPI:lactoperoxidase system 0.7% w/w	2.090 ± 0.156	129.5 ± 3.4	22.57 ± 2.57	[308]
WPI:Sorbitol (50:50)	3.32	27.60	83.96	[314]
WPI:Sorbitol:BW (50:35:15)	3.91	12.5	129.72	[314]
WPI:Sorbitol:Potassium sorbate (50:43.3:6.7)	2.61	68.9	28.47	[314]
WPI:Sorbitol:BW:Potassium sorbate (50:35:11.7:3.3)	3.86	32.8	90.27	[314]
SPI:WG (2:1):pH 7.0	4.85 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI:WG (2:1): cys:pH 7.0	4.85 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI:WG (3:1):pH 7.0	5.68 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI:WG (3:1):cys:pH 7.0	6.37 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI:WG (4:1):pH 7.0	5.04 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI:WG (4:1):cys:pH 7.0	6.87 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI:WG (1:0) :pH 7.0	3.70 ± 0.20	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI:WG (1:0):cys:pH 7.0	6.72 ± 0.22	n/a	n/a	[345]
SPI: DAS 0%	6.34 ± 0.02	65.9 ± 25.3	n/a	[340]
SPI: DAS 10%	7.84 ± 0.19	59.8 ± 19.9	n/a	[340]
SPI:10% fatty acid	4.4 ± 0.6	70.1 ± 9.8	n/a	[343]
SPI:10% lauric acid	1.9 ± 0.1	125.8 ± 25.0	n/a	[343]
SPI:10% myristic acid	0.4 ± 0.1	41.0 ± 5.4	n/a	[343]
SPI:10% palmitic acid	1.2 ± 0.1	39.0 ± 15.3	n/a	[343]
SPI:10% oleic acid	2.2 ± 0.2	228.1 ± 14.2	n/a	[343]
SPI:Gelatin (10:0)	5 ^a	2.30 ± 1.0 ^a	750 ^a	[344]
SPI:Gelatin (8:2)	25.55	2.64 ± 0.4	1280	[344]
SPI:Gelatin (6:4)	30.00 ^a	3.1 ± 0.4 ^a	1500.00 ^a	[344]
SPI:Gelatin (4:6)	35.00 ^a	3.1 ± 0.8 ^a	1550.00 ^a	[344]
SPI:Gelatin (2:8)	44.6	3.23	1861.16	[344]
SPI:Gelatin (0:10)	75 ^a	3.50 ± 0.1 ^a	3000 ^a	[344]
SPI:BW:Span	90.8	25.8	n/a	[341]
WG control	2.6 ± 0.2	237.9 ± 21.9	n/a	[337]
WG:Mineral oil	2.2 ± 0.3	267.2 ± 40.1	n/a	[337]
WG:MMT 0 wt %	1.86 ± 0.48	58.4 ± 7.0	3.73 ± 0.48	[300]
WG:MMT 2.5 wt %	2.37 ± 0.44	55.4 ± 15.4	5.58 ± 1.04	[300]
WG:MMT 5.0 wt %	4.70 ± 0.84	16.0 ± 12.4	10.58 ± 3.43	[300]
WG:MMT 7.5 wt %	3.60 ± 0.42	15.2 ± 2.3	11.44 ± 1.77	[300]
WG:MMT 10.0 wt %	n/a	n/a	n/a	[300]
WG control	n/a	n/a	n/a	[301]
WG:MMT 2.5% C0	n/a	n/a	n/a	[301]
WG:MMT 5.0% C0	n/a	n/a	n/a	[301]
WG:HEC 0%	1.20 ± 0.1 ^a	210 ± 15 ^a	10 ^a	[346]
WG:HEC 5%	1.10 ± 0.05 ^a	160 ± 20 ^a	10 ^a	[346]
WG:HEC 15%	1.10 ± 0.05 ^a	120 ± 10 ^a	13 ^a	[346]
WG:HEC 31.8%	2.4 ± 0.05 ^a	45 ± 5 ^a	65 ^a	[346]
Nanotechnology
SPI control	1.10 ± 0.20	65.95 ± 17.76	26.89 ± 11.21	[290]
SPI:SNC 5%	1.34 ± 0.07	58.67 ± 9.88	39.42 ± 9.93	[290]
SPI:SNC 20%	2.61 ± 0.26	41.89 ± 8.61	102.23 ± 14.93	[290]
SPI:SNC 40%	5.08 ± 0.48	21.35 ± 10.54	310.34 ± 21.55	[290]
SPI:Cloisite 20A 0%	2.26 ± 0.48	11.85 ± 0.39	n/a	[295]
SPI:Cloisite 20A 5%	12.40 ± 0.65	42.80 ± 0.57	n/a	[295]
SPI:Cloisite 20A 10%	14.15 ± 0.33	71.00 ± 3.68	n/a	[295]
SPI:Cloisite 20A 15%	13.66 ± 0.28	22.80 ± 1.70	n/a	[295]
SPI:Cloisite 30B 0%	2.26 ± 0.48	11.85 ± 0.39	n/a	[295]
SPI:Cloisite 30B 5%	15.11 ± 0.86	81.60 ± 2.83	n/a	[295]
SPI:Cloisite 30B 10%	16.19 ± 0.75	103.60 ± 4.53	n/a	[295]
SPI:Cloisite 30B 15%	18.64 ± 0.23	54.80 ± 2.26	n/a	[295]
SPI control	2.26 ± 0.48	11.85 ± 0.39	n/a	[295]
SPI:MMT 5%	6.28 ± 0.88	64.60 ± 4.69	n/a	[295]
SPI:MMT 10%	12.62 ± 0.54	23.98 ± 5.02	n/a	[295]
SPI:MMT 15%	15.60 ± 1.69	17.80 ± 2.27	n/a	[295]
SPI:MMT 0 wt %	8.5 ^a	90 ^a	180 ^a	[297]
SPI:MMT 4 wt %	10.5 ^a	65 ^a	260 ^a	[297]
SPI:MMT 8 wt %	12 ^a	30 ^a	330 ^a	[297]
SPI:MMT 12 wt %	14 ^a	17 ^a	410 ^a	[297]
SPI:MMT 16 wt %	15 ^a	8 ^a	520 ^a	[297]
SPI:MMT 20 wt %	14.5 ^a	5 ^a	590 ^a	[297]
SPI:MMT 0%	3.0 ^a	37.5 ^a	42 ^a	[298]
SPI:MMT 2.5%	4.5 ^a	32.5 ^a	n/a	[298]
SPI:MMT 5%	5.5 ^a	27.5 ^a	n/a	[298]
SPI:MMT 7.5%	8 ^a	20.0 ^a	n/a	[298]
SPI:MMT 10%	8.5 ^a	6.5 ^a	n/a	[298]
SPI control	1.35 ^a	60 ^a	n/a	[299]
SPI:PNP 0.5%	2.00 ^a	85 ^a	n/a	[299]
SPI:PNP 1.0%	2.10 ^a	86 ^a	n/a	[299]
SPI:PNP 2.0%	3.55 ^a	90 ^a	n/a	[299]
SPI:PNP 4.0%	2.70 ^a	82 ^a	n/a	[299]
Antimicrobial Films
SPI control	1.08 ± 0.34	24.63 ± 0.13	22.80 ± 6.14	[318]
SPI:PLA (60:40)	8.57 ± 1.61	1.09 ± 0.09	1085 ± 134	[318]
SPI:PLA (50:50)	13.69 ± 0.94	1.25 ± 0.02	1579 ± 52	[318]
SPI control	9.3	115.7	n/a	[322]
SPI:Rutin	35.1	73.5	n/a	[322]
SPI:Epicatechin	22.1	38.5	n/a	[322]

Some data are converted to the same units; ^a Numerical value estimated from graph; ^MD Measured in Machine Direction; n/a not available.