Table 4.
Barrier properties of protein-based films.
| Film Modification | Water Vapor Permeability (g·m·m−2·s−1 Pa−1) | Relative Humidity (%) | Oxygen Permeability (cm3·m−2·d−1·bar−1) | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heating | ||||
| Heat treatment of solution | ||||
| WPI control | 1.41 × 10−9 a | n/a | n/a | [75] |
| WPI: 90 °C:30 min | 1.38 × 10−9 a | n/a | n/a | [75] |
| WPI control | n/a | n/a | (6.83 ± 0.35) × 10−13 | [79] |
| WPI: 90 °C:30 min | n/a | n/a | (9.03 ± 0.35) × 10−13 | [79] |
| SPI control | 5.06 × 10−10 | n/a | n/a | [84] |
| SPI: 85 °C | 4.48 × 10−10 | n/a | n/a | [84] |
| Heat treatment of the film | ||||
| SPI: 60 °C:24 h | 2.3 × 10−9 a | 0–50 | n/a | [23] |
| SPI: 70 °C:24 h | 2.3 × 10−9 a | 0–50 | n/a | [23] |
| SPI: 80 °C:24 h | 1.8 × 10−9 a | 0–50 | n/a | [23] |
| WG control | (1.37 ± 0.18) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 80 °C:15 min | (1.22 ± 0.07) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 95 °C:15 min | (1.13 ± 0.13) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 110 °C:15 min | (1.19 ± 0.14) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 125 °C:15 min | (1.37 ± 0.07) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 140 °C:15 min | (1.15 ± 0.04) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 140 °C:1.5 min | (1.21 ± 0.23) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| UV and γ-Irradiation | ||||
| UV Irradiation of Solution | ||||
| WPI control | (4.49 ± 0.38) × 10−10 | 0–90 | (1.04 ± 0.06) × 10−7 | [173] |
| WPI: 324 J·cm−2 | (4.98 ± 0.24) × 10−10 | 0–90 | (9.17 ± 0.09) × 10−8 | [173] |
| UV Irradiation of the Film | ||||
| WPI control | 349 ± 9 b | 50–0 | n/a | [13] |
| WPI: 2.3 J·cm−2 | 511 ± 11 b | 50–0 | n/a | [13] |
| WPI: 10.2 J·cm−2 | 434 ± 23 b | 50–0 | n/a | [13] |
| WPI: 19.0 J·cm−2 | 383 ± 40 b | 50–0 | n/a | [13] |
| WPI: 31.4 J·cm−2 | 386 ± 19 b | 50–0 | n/a | [13] |
| SPI control | (2.0 ± 0.2) × 10−9 | 50–100 | n/a | [162] |
| SPI: 51.8 J·cm−2 | (2.5 ± 0.8) × 10−9 | 50–100 | n/a | [162] |
| WG control | (4.44 ± 0.14) × 10−9 | 50–100 | n/a | [163] |
| WG: 51.8 J·cm−2 | (4.19 ± 0.08) × 10−9 | 50–100 | n/a | [163] |
| WG control | (1.37 ± 0.18) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 0.25 J·cm−2 | (1.42 ± 0.09) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 1 J·cm−2 | (1.35 ± 0.07) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| γ-Irradiation of Solution | ||||
| WPI control | 3.5 × 10−10 a | 56–100 | n/a | [177] |
| WPI: 32 kGy | 2.6 × 10−10 a | 56–100 | n/a | [177] |
| WPC control | 3.0 × 10−10 a | 56–100 | n/a | [177] |
| WPC: 32 kGy | 1.7 × 10−10 | 56–100 | n/a | [177] |
| γ-Irradiation of the Film | ||||
| WG control | (1.15 ± 0.02) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 10 kGy | (1.37 ± 0.04) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 20 kGy | (1.37 ± 0.09) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| WG: 40 kGy | (1.21 ± 0.07) × 10−10 | 0–100 | n/a | [27] |
| Chemical Modifications | ||||
| Acylation | ||||
| SPI | 0.84 × 10−9 | 100/60 | 0.7 × 10−16 | [218] |
| SPI: acetylated | 0.86 × 10−9 | 100/60 | 0.9 × 10−16 | [218] |
| SPI: succinylated | 0.84 × 10−9 | 100/60 | 0.7 × 10−16 | [218] |
| Hydrolysis | ||||
| WPI control | 1.29 × 10−9 a | 50 ± 1 | 1.2 × 10−12 a | [185] |
| WPI: 5.5% DH | 1.25 × 10−9 a | 50 ± 1 | 1.4 × 10−12 a | [185] |
| WPI: 10% DH | 1.35 × 10−9 a | 50 ± 1 | 1 × 10−12 a | [185] |
| pH Alteration | ||||
| WPI:pH 4 (pI) | 1.39 × 10−9 a | n/a | n/a | [237] |
| WPI:pH 5 (pI) | 1.89 × 10−9 a | n/a | n/a | [237] |
| WPI:pH 6 | 1.36 × 10−9 a | n/a | n/a | [237] |
| WPI:pH 7 | 1.25 × 10−9 a | n/a | n/a | [237] |
| WPI:pH 8 | 1.36 × 10−9 a | n/a | n/a | [237] |
| SPI:pH 6 (pI) | 3.04 × 10−9 | n/a | 1.0 × 10−16 | [232] |
| SPI:pH 8 | 1.90 × 10−9 | n/a | 0.59 × 10−16 | [232] |
| SPI:pH 10 | 2.54 × 10−9 | n/a | 0.43 × 10−16 | [232] |
| SPI:pH 12 | 1.79 × 10−9 | n/a | 0.37 × 10−16 | [232] |
| Enzymatic Crosslinking | ||||
| WPI control | (7.53 ± 1.47) × 10−10 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| WPI:TG | (1.36 ± 0.17) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| WPI:SPI 11S control | (1.36 ± 0.15) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| WPI:SPI 11S:TG | (2.13 ± 0.17) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| WPI control | 4.5 × 10−12 a | n/a | n/a | [261] |
| WPI:TG | 3.4 × 10−12 a | n/a | n/a | [261] |
| WPI:Chitosan 0.25 mg·cm−2 | 3.24 ± 0.15 | 0 | (2.38 ± 0.08) × 10−10 | [262] |
| WPI:Chitosan:TG | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0 | (9.03 ± 0.93) × 10−11 | [262] |
| WPI control | n/a | 50 | 2.11 × 10−9 | [268] |
| WPI:TG 10 units·g−1 | n/a | 50 | 3.47 × 10−10 | [268] |
| WPI control | (7.53 ± 1.47) × 10−10 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| WPI:TG | (1.36 ± 0.17) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| WPI:SPI 11S control | (1.36 ± 0.15) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| WPI:SPI 11S:TG | (2.13 ± 0.17) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| SPI 11S control | (1.33 ± 0.25) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| SPI 11S:TG | (2.17 ± 0.16) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [251] |
| SPI control | 5.06 × 10−10 | n/a | n/a | [84] |
| SPI:Horseradish Peroxidase | n/a | n/a | n/a | [84] |
| SPI:Gly control | (3.44 ± 0.03) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [257] |
| SPI:Gly:mTG | (3.69 ± 0.14) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [257] |
| SPI:Gly:Sorbitol control | (2.94 ± 0.14) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [257] |
| SPI:Gly:Sorbitol:mTG | (3.78 ± 0.03) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [257] |
| SPI:Sorbitol control | (3.25 ± 0.14) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [257] |
| SPI:Sorbitol:mTG | (3.64 ± 0.00) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [257] |
| SPI:Gelatin control | (1.84 ± 0.03) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [274] |
| SPI:Gelatin:TG 10% | (1.78 ± 0.03) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [274] |
| SPI:Gelatin:TG 20% | (1.69 ± 0.04) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [274] |
| SPI:Gelatin:TG 30% | (1.63 ± 0.03) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [274] |
| Composite Films and Bioactive Compounds | ||||
| WPI control | 5.21 × 10−10 a | 100–0 | n/a | [324] |
| WPI: 40% carnauba wax | (3.82 ± 0.30) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [324] |
| WPI: 40% candelilla wax | (3.59 ± 0.14) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [324] |
| WPI: 40% milk fat fraction | (2.53 ± 0.50) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [324] |
| WPI:40% BW | (1.25 ± 0.36) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [324] |
| WPI:Gly:BW (60:20:20):PS 0.5 µm | (4.17 ± 0.69) × 10−10 a | 0 | n/a | [325] |
| WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60):PS 0.5 µm | (2.77 ± 1.39) × 10−10 a | 0 | n/a | [325] |
| WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60):PS 1.0 µm | (3.33 ± 0.56) × 10−10 a | 0 | n/a | [325] |
| WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60):PS 1.5 µm | (3.89 ± 0.56) × 10−10 a | 0 | n/a | [325] |
| WPI:Gly:BW (30:10:60):PS 2.0 µm | (4.17 ± 0.83) × 10−10 a | 0 | n/a | [325] |
| WPI control | (3.83 ± 4.72) × 10−9 | 100–50 | n/a | [326] |
| WPI:Acetem | (5.55 ± 2.78)× 10−11 | 100–50 | n/a | [326] |
| WPI control | (2.00 ± 0.03) × 10−10 | 100–0 | (1.30 ± 0.28) × 10−9 | [328] |
| WPI:Almond oil 0.5% | (1.56 ± 0.06) × 10−10 | 100–0 | (1.55 ± 0.14) × 10−9 | [328] |
| WPI:Almond oil 1.0% | (1.27 ± 0.19) × 10−10 | 100–0 | (1.81 ± 0.27) × 10−9 | [328] |
| WPI:Walnut oil 0.5% | (1.32 ± 0.19) × 10−10 | 100–0 | (1.32 ± 0.16) × 10−9 | [328] |
| WPI:Walnut oil 1.0% | (1.02 ± 0.09) × 10−10 | 100–0 | (1.52 ± 0.66) × 10−9 | [328] |
| WPI:Gly (1:1) | (3.32 ± 0.25) × 10−11 | 50–20 | n/a | [329] |
| WPI:BW:Gly (1:1:1) | (2.58 ± 0.23) × 10−11 | 50–20 | n/a | [329] |
| WPI:CW:Gly (1:1:1) | (2.62 ± 0.28) × 10−11 | 50–20 | n/a | [329] |
| WPI control | (1.94 ± 0.28) × 10−9 a | 0 | (3.18 ± 0.12) × 10−9 a | [331] |
| WPI:Gly:CAN:7.5 g:100 g | (1.94 ± 0.28) × 10−9 a | 0 | (3.30 ± 0.12) × 10−9 a | [331] |
| WPI:Gly extruded | (1.25 ± 0.06) × 10−8 a | 0 | n/a | [331] |
| WPI:Gly:CAN:7.5 g:100 g extruded | (9.72 ± 0.28) × 10−9 a | 0 | n/a | [331] |
| WPI:Gly compressed extruded | (3.61 ± 0.28) × 10−9 a | 0 | (2.89 ± 0.58) × 10−10 a | [331] |
| WPI:Gly:CAN:7.5 g:100 g compressed extruded | (2.28 ± 0.56) × 10−9 a | 0 | (3.47 ± 0.58) × 10−10 a | [331] |
| WPI:TiO2 0% w/w | (3.19 ± 0.08) × 10−10 | n/a | n/a | [281] |
| WPI:TiO2 1% w/w | (2.89 ± 0.11) × 10−10 | n/a | n/a | [281] |
| WPI:TiO2 0 wt % | (2.78 ± 0.28) × 10−9 a | 100–50 | n/a | [282] |
| WPI:TiO2 1 wt % | (2.42 ± 0.28) × 10−9 a | 100–50 | n/a | [282] |
| WPI:TiO2 4 wt % | (1.02 ± 0.83) × 10−9 a | 100–50 | n/a | [282] |
| WPI control | (66.0 ± 3.6) × 10−9 | 68.8 ± 1.3 | n/a | [284] |
| WPI:Cloisite Na+ | (47.1 ± 3.3) × 10−9 | 72.2 ± 0.9 | n/a | [284] |
| WPI:Cloisite 30B | (55.6 ± 7.5) × 10−9 | 70.1 ± 0.8 | n/a | [284] |
| WPI:Cloisite 20A | (64.8 ± 4.2) × 10−9 | 71.1 ± 1.4 | n/a | [284] |
| WPI:ZNP 0 w/w | (8.94 ± 0.25) × 10−11 | 25 ± 1 | n/a | [285] |
| WPI:ZNP 0.4 w/w | (3.42 ± 0.33) × 10−11 | 26 ± 1 | n/a | [285] |
| WPI:ZNP 1.2 w/w | (1.44 ± 0.56) × 10−12 | 27 ± 1 | n/a | [285] |
| WPI control | n/a | 50 ± 1 | (2.53 ± 0.16) × 10−9 | [308] |
| WPI:lactoperoxidase system 0.7% w/w | n/a | 50 ± 1 | (2.56 ± 0.19) × 10−9 | [308] |
| WPI:Sorbitol (50:50) | 2.68 × 10−9 | 50–25 | n/a | [315] |
| WPI:Sorbitol:BW (50:35:15) | 1.49 × 10−9 | 50–25 | n/a | [315] |
| WPI:Sorbitol:Potassium sorbate (50:43.3:6.7) | 3.03 × 10−9 | 50–25 | n/a | [315] |
| WPI:Sorbitol:BW:Potassium sorbate (50:35:11.7:3.3) | 2.34 × 10−9 | 50–25 | n/a | [315] |
| SPI:WG (2:1):pH 7.0 | 0.50 × 10−9 a | 55 | 2.43 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:WG (2:1):cys:pH 7.0 | 0.90 × 10−9 a | 55 | 2.55 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:WG (3:1):pH 7.0 | 0.85 × 10−9 a | 55 | 0.61 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:WG (3:1) cys:pH 7.0 | 0.75 × 10−9 a | 55 | 1.13 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:WG (4:1):pH 7.0 | 0.50 × 10−9 a | 55 | 1.57 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:WG (4:1) cys:pH 7.0 | 0.55 × 10−9 a | 55 | 1.39 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:WG (1:0):pH 7.0 | 2.7 × 10−9 a | 55 | 0.67 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:WG (1:0) cys:pH 7.0 | 2.5 × 10−9 a | 55 | 0.57 × 10−11 | [345] |
| SPI:DAS 0% | (15.0 ± 0.2) × 10−10 | 73.1 ± 0.3 | n/a | [340] |
| SPI:DAS 10% | (16.5 ± 0.89) × 10−10 | 72.7 ± 0.5 | n/a | [340] |
| SPI:10% fatty acid | (28 ± 0.94) × 10−10 | 100–50 | n/a | [343] |
| SPI:10% lauric acid | (17.5 ± 1.11) × 10−10 | 100–50 | n/a | [343] |
| SPI:10% myristic acid | (20.6 ± 0.42) × 10−10 | 100–50 | n/a | [343] |
| SPI:10% palmitic acid | (22.4 ± 1.44) × 10−10 | 100–50 | n/a | [343] |
| SPI:10% oleic acid | (18.5 ± 0.69) × 10−10 | 100–50 | n/a | [343] |
| SPI:BW:Span | 2.22 × 10−10 | 54 | 0 | [341] |
| WG:Gly (83.3:16.7) | (9.5 ± 0.9) × 10−11 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:BW (66.7:16.7:20) | (3.5 ± 0.17) × 10−11 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:carnauba wax (66.7:16.7:20) | (6.51 ± 0.43) × 10−11 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:refined paraffin (66.7:16.7:20) | (6.9 ± 0.43) × 10−11 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:oleic acid (66.7:16.7:20) | (7.8 ± 0.439) × 10−11 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:soy lecithin (66.7:16.7:20) | (1.0 ± 0.1) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:acetic ester of monoglyceride (66.7:16.7:20) | (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10−10 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglyceride (66.7:16.7:20) | (4.3 ± 0.1) × 10−11 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:sucroglyceride (66.7:16.7:20) | (5.64 ± 0.17) × 10−11 | 100–0 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:Gly:stearic alcohol (66.7:16.7:20) | (4.34 ± 0.17) × 10−11 | 100 | n/a | [3] |
| WG:MMT 5.0 wt % | 6.5 × 10−12 a | 100 | 8.0 × 10−12 a | [300] |
| WG:MMT 7.5 wt % | 7.0 × 10−12 a | 100 | 8.1 × 10−12 a | [300] |
| WG:MMT 10.0 wt % | 6.0 × 10−12 a | 100 | 8.3 × 10−12 a | [300] |
| WG control | (3.0 ± 0.1) × 1011 | n/a | n/a | [301] |
| WG:MMT 2.5% C0 | (2.2 ± 0.1) × 1011 | n/a | n/a | [301] |
| WG:MMT 5.0% C0 | (1.8 ± 0.1) × 1011 | n/a | n/a | [301] |
| Nanotechnology | ||||
| SPI control | (4.3 ± 0.2) × 10−10 | 65 | n/a | [290] |
| SPI:SNC 5% | (4.8 ± 0.3) × 10−10 | 65 | n/a | [290] |
| SPI:SNC 20% | (3.9 ± 0.1) × 10−10 | 65 | n/a | [290] |
| SPI:SNC 40% | (3.57 ± 0.08) × 10−10 | 65 | n/a | [290] |
| SPI:Cloisite 20A 0% | (10.56 ± 0.31) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:Cloisite 20A 5% | (7.31 ± 0.08) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:Cloisite 20A 10% | (6.00 ± 0.28) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:Cloisite 20A 15% | (5.69 ± 0.31) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:Cloisite 30B 0% | (10.56 ± 0.31) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:Cloisite 30B 5% | (8.58 ± 0.14) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:Cloisite 30B 10% | (7.42 ± 0.22) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:Cloisite 30B 15% | (6.47 ± 0.25) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI control | (10.56 ± 0.31) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:MMT 5% | (8.22 ± 0.28) × 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:MMT 10% | (6.92 ± 0.22) x 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:MMT 15% | (6.03 ± 0.17) x 10−10 | 100–65 | n/a | [295] |
| SPI:MMT 0% | (12 ± 0.8) × 10−11 | 75 | n/a | [298] |
| SPI:MMT 2.5% | (11 ± 0.3) × 10−11 | 75 | n/a | [298] |
| SPI:MMT 5% | (6.8 ± 0.2) × 10−11 | 75 | n/a | [298] |
| SPI:MMT 7.5% | (5.0 ± 0.6) × 10−11 | 75 | n/a | [298] |
| SPI:MMT 10% | (3.2 ± 0.9) × 10−11 | 75 | n/a | [298] |
| SPI control | (1.21 ± 0.04) × 10−6 | 100 | n/a | [299] |
| SPI:PNP 0.5% | (1.06 ± 0.04) × 10−6 | 100 | n/a | [299] |
| SPI:PNP 1.0% | (1.00 ± 0.03) × 10−6 | 100 | n/a | [299] |
| SPI:PNP 2.0% | (0.92 ± 0.02) × 10−6 | 100 | n/a | [299] |
| SPI:PNP 4.0% | (0.83 ± 0.01) × 10−6 | 100 | n/a | [299] |
| Antimicrobial Films | ||||
| SPI control | (14.9 ± 0.5) × 10−11 | 65 | n/a | [318] |
| SPI:PLA (60:40) | (3.4 ± 0.1) × 10−11 | 65 | n/a | [318] |
| SPI:PLA (50:50) | (2.3 ± 0.1) × 10−11 | 65 | n/a | [318] |
| SPI control | (0.47 ± 0.03) × 10−3 | 54 | n/a | [322] |
| SPI:Rutin | (0.33 ± 0.06) × 10−3 | 54 | n/a | [322] |
| SPI:Epicatechin | (0.64 ± 0.06) × 10−3 | 54 | n/a | [322] |
Some data are converted to the same units. a Numerical value estimated from graph; b Water Vapour Transmission Rate in g·m−2·d−1; n/a not available.