Table 5.

Summary of studies showing risk factor predictive ability for CAC presence, extent, or progression.

Risk Factors	SYSTEMATIC REVIEW References			Meta-Analysis References
	CAC Presence	CAC Extent	CAC Progression	CAC Presence	CAC Extent
Age	[10,14,15,16,17,18]	10, 11–13	19	[10,14,18]	Not assessed
Male gender	[14,16,17,18]	12, 13	Not assessed	[12,14,16,17,18]	Not assessed
Ethnicity	[16]	Not assessed	Not assessed	Not assessed	Not assessed
Diabetes	[10,14,15,16,17,18]	13–10	19	[10,11,12,14,16,17,18]	10; 11
Dyslipidaemia	[10,14,15,16,17,18]	13–10	19	[10,12,16,17]	10; 11
Hypertension	[10,13,15,16,17,18]	13–10	19	[10,11,12,14,16,17,18]	10; 11
Family history	[16]	11,12	Not assessed	Not assessed	Not assessed
Obesity	[10,15,16,17,18]	12–10	19	Not assessed	Not assessed
Smoking	[10,14,15,16,18]	13–10	Not assessed	[10,11,12,14,16,17,18]	10; 11

Reference key: [10]: Lai et al., 221 Chinese males aged ≥65; [11]: Mayer et al., 877 males with CAD, angiographic study; [12]: Mitsutake et al., 535 patients, Japanese ethnicity; [13]: Tanaka et al., 1363 patients, Japanese ethnicity; [14]: Atar et al., 442 patients, Turkish ethnicity; [15]: Greif et al., 1123 males, European ethnicity; [15]: Greif et al., 437 females, European ethnicity; [16]: Kovacic et al., 9993 patients, angiographic study; [17]: Maragiannis et al., 114 patients, US study; [18]: Qing et al., 510 patients, Chinese ethnicity; [19]: Okada et al., 164 patients with CAC, Japanese ethnicity.