Table 1.

Effect of short-term exercise on IMCL using ¹H-MR-Spectroscopy.

Author (Year)	n	Subjects	Gender	Intervention	IMCL	% Change	Muscle Investigated	Comments
Christ (2016) [67]	10	Volunteers with adult-onset GHD	m, f	2 h exercise at 50%–60% VO2 max on a treadmill	↓ *	−9.3 to −13.5	M. tibialis anterior	No significant effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on IMCL and IHCL, IHCL ↑ *
Bucher (2014) [43]	10	Healthy volunteers	m	2 h exercise on bicycle ergometer at 50%–60% VO2 max	↓ *	−16.8	M. vastus intermedius	IHCL ↑ *, ICCL ↓ *
Egger (2013) [44]	18	Healthy volunteers	m, f	2 h exercise on treadmill at 50%–60% VO2 max	↓ *	−22.6	M. tibialis anterior	IHCL ↑ *
Vermathen (2012) [47]	8	Trained cyclists or runners	m	3 h exercise on bicycle ergometer or treadmill at 50% Wmax	↓ *	−3 to −50	Thigh (M. vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus lateralis, adductor magnus, biceps femoris; rectus femoris) or lower leg muscle (tibialis anterior, soleus lateralis, soleus medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, extensor digitorum)	In M. biceps femoris and rectus femoris no significant decrease
Jenni (2008) [65]	7	Physically active men with T1DM	m	2 h cycling at 55%–60% VO2 max	↓ *	−11.5 to −16.2	M. vastus intermedius
Trepp (2008) [66]	15	Volunteers with adult-onset GHD	m, f	1 h walking at heart rate corresponding to 50% VO2 max, on three days and low fat diet	↓ *	−35 to −47.5 **	M. tibialis anterior	No significant effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on IMCL
De Bock (2007) [48]	9	Physically active men	m	2 h cycling at 75% VO2 peak	↓ *	−47	M. vastus lateralis
Zehnder (2006) [37]	11	Endurance trained cyclists	m	3 h cycling at 50% Wmax	↓ *	−21 to −41	M. vastus intermedius
Zehnder (2005) [49]	18	Cyclists or triathletes	m, f	3 h cycling at 50% Wmax	↓ *	−42 to −59	M. vastus intermedius	Larger reduction in males
Schrauwen-Hinderling (2003) [50]	8	Highly trained cyclists	m	3 h cycling at 55% Wmax	↓ *	−20.4	M. vastus lateralis	M. biceps brachii ↑ *
Van Loon (2003) [51]	9	Endurance-trained cyclists	m	3 h cycling at 55% Wmax	↓ *	−21	M. vastus lateralis	No difference between normal and low-fat diet
White (2003) [46]	9	Moderately active	m	45 min cycling, intervals at 50% and 110% of ventilator threshold	↓ *	−38	M. vastus lateralis
White (2003) [45]	18	Moderately active	m, f	1 h cycling at 65% VO2 max	↓ *	−11.5 to −17.1	M. vastus lateralis
Johnson (2003) [52]	6	Highly trained cyclists	m	3 h cycling at 70% VO2 max	↓ *	−57 to −64	M. vastus lateralis	Higher IMCL degradation in low carbohydrate condition
Larson-Meyer (2002) [38]	7	Well-trained endurance runners	f	2 h running at 65% VO2 max	↓ *	−25	M. soleus
Brechtel (2001) [53]	12	Well-trained subjects	m	Running: parallel design 60%–70% VO2 max, 80%–90% VO2 max 21/42 km	↓	−10 to −42	M. tibialis anterior, M. soleus
Krssak (2000) [54]	9	Trained subjects	m, f	3–4 bouts of 45 min of running at 65%–70% peak oxygen until exhaustion	↓ *	−33.5 **	M. soleus
Rico-Sanz (2000) [55]	5	Trained subjects	m	90 min running at 64% VO2 max	↓ *	−15.7 to −32.2 **	M. soleus, tibialis, gastrocnemius	in M. gastrocnemius no sign decrease
Rico-Sanz (1998) [68]	8	Trained subjects	m	13.2 km running, jogging, sprinting	→	+9 to −2.4 **	M. soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis

n: number of subjects; IMCL: intramyocellular lipids comparison pre- and post-exercise; *: significant (p < 0.05); IHCL: intrahepatocellular lipids; ICCL: intracardiomyocellular lipids; MRS: ¹H-MR-Spectroscopy; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; m: male; f: female; GHD: growth hormone deficiency; % change: relative change from baseline (in percentage); **: original values converted to relative change; ↓: decrease; ↑: increase; →: no change.