EPO mRNA levels are upregulated in kidney and liver during extramedullary erythropoiesis. C57BL/6 mice were injected with 1 μg LPS daily for 7 consecutive days or infected i.v. with 5 × 105 CFU of an attenuated Salmonella strain (BRD509). Spleen, liver, kidney, and thymus were harvested on day 7, and total mRNA was isolated as described in Materials and Methods. Graphs show the fold changes (log10) of EPO mRNA levels in mice receiving LPS or Salmonella compared with mice injected with PBS as controls. *, P < 0.05 (by a Mann-Whitney U test).