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Production of proinflammatory cytokines by DCs following stimulation with OMVs. Human monocyte-derived DCs were stimulated with 1 μg/ml of the indicated OMV for 20 to 24 h. Supernatants were collected from OMV-stimulated DCs, and IL-6 (A) and IL-1b (B) production was quantified by ELISA. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM for four individual donors. Statistical significance was determined using a paired t test between two groups. **, P < 0.01.
