Table 2.
Treatment effects on secondary weight-related outcome variables: The CHOICES Study.
| Domain | Outcome | Analysis using available data | Overall Effect | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 4 months | 12 months | 24 months | P(df=3) | ||||||
| N | Mean (SE) | N | Mean (SE) | N | Mean (SE) | N | Mean (SE) | |||
| Dietary factors | Fast food (times/week) | |||||||||
| Intervention (I) | 212 | 1.6 (0.2) | 194 | 1.3 (0.1) | 188 | 1.5 (0.2) | 179 | 1.3 (0.1) | 0.007 | |
| Control (C) | 209 | 1.9 (0.2) | 194 | 1.9 (0.1) | 184 | 1.4 (0.2) | 174 | 1.4 (0.1) | ||
| I-C difference | −0.3 | −0.6 | 0.1 | −0.1 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.059 | 0.157 | 0.504 | ||||||
| Sugary beverages (times/day) | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 0.7 (0.1) | 194 | 0.7 (0.1) | 188 | 0.6 (0.1) | 179 | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.608 | |
| Control | 209 | 0.8 (0.1) | 194 | 0.7 (0.1) | 184 | 0.6 (0.1) | 174 | 0.7 (0.1) | ||
| I-C difference | −0.1 | 0.00 | 0.0 | −0.1 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.652 | 0.254 | 0.890 | ||||||
| Eat breakfast 5-7 days/week | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 50.9% (3.8) | 194 | 56.7% (3.9) | 188 | 59.3% (4.0) | 179 | 62.5% (4.2) | 0.299 | |
| Control | 209 | 54.1% (3.9) | 194 | 49.9% (4.0) | 184 | 57.6% (4.1) | 174 | 59.5% (4.2) | ||
| I-C difference | −3.2% | 6.8% | 1.7% | 3.0% | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.057 | 0.413 | 0.318 | ||||||
| Weekly meals prepared at home (total) | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 211 | 13.3 (0.4) | 194 | 13.2 (0.4) | 188 | 13.2 (0.4) | 179 | 13.9 (0.4) | 0.284 | |
| Control | 209 | 13.7 (0.4) | 193 | 12.7 (0.4) | 184 | 13.3 (0.4) | 174 | 13.6 (0.4) | ||
| I-C difference | −0.4 | −0.5 | −0.1 | 0.3 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.070 | 0.591 | 0.257 | ||||||
| Physical activity and screen time | Energy expenditure for leisure time physical activity (weekly kcals) | |||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 2289.0 (216.2) | 194 | 2128.7 (178.3) | 188 | 1712.9 (171.9) | 179 | 1700.3 (166.8) | 0.343 | |
| Control | 208 | 1989.8 (218.2) | 194 | 1750.6 (178.4) | 184 | 1659.8 (173.3) | 173 | 1766.8 (167.5) | ||
| I-C difference | 299.2 | 378.1 | 53.1 | −66.5 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.083 | 0.277 | 0.726 | ||||||
| Leisure time physical activity (minutes) | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 310.0 (29.3) | 194 | 282.2 (24.5) | 188 | 234.9 (21.8) | 178 | 212.5 (21.9) | 0.538 | |
| Control | 209 | 245.4 (29.5) | 192 | 208.5 (24.6) | 183 | 202.5 (22.1) | 174 | 220.7 (21.9) | ||
| I-C difference | 64.6 | 73.7 | 32.4 | −8.2 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.165 | 0.733 | 0.622 | ||||||
| Television (hours/day) | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 1.5 (0.1) | 194 | 1.4 (0.1) | 188 | 1.4 (0.1) | 179 | 1.3 (0.1) | 0.570 | |
| Control | 209 | 1.5 (0.1) | 194 | 1.5 (0.1) | 184 | 1.3 (0.1) | 173 | 1.2 (0.1) | ||
| I-C difference | 0.0 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.470 | 0.584 | 0.574 | ||||||
| Leisure-time computer use (hours/day) | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 1.2 (0.1) | 194 | 1.3 (0.1) | 188 | 1.2 (0.1) | 179 | 1.2 (0.1) | 0.605 | |
| Control | 209 | 1.3 (0.1) | 194 | 1.3 (0.1) | 184 | 1.2 (0.1) | 174 | 1.1 (0.1) | ||
| I-C difference | −0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.404 | 0.499 | 0.182 | ||||||
| Sleep | Total daily sleep (hours) | |||||||||
| Intervention | 210 | 8.4 (0.1) | 194 | 8.2 (0.1) | 188 | 8.3 (0.1) | 179 | 8.4 (0.1) | 0.126 | |
| Control | 209 | 8.3 (0.1) | 194 | 8.3 (0.1) | 184 | 8.3 (0.1) | 174 | 8.1 (0.1) | ||
| I-C difference | 0.1 | −0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.245 | 0.438 | 0.155 | ||||||
| Days in the past month not getting enough rest | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 7.4 (0.5) | 194 | 6.5 (0.6) | 188 | 6.3 (0.6) | 179 | 5.8 (0.5) | 0.061 | |
| Control | 208 | 7.4 (0.6) | 194 | 8.2 (0.6) | 184 | 6.4 (0.6) | 174 | 6.6 (0.6) | ||
| I-C difference | 0.0 | −1.7 | −0.1 | −0.8 | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.019 | 0.951 | 0.313 | ||||||
| Difficulty staying awake during more than 2 days in the past week | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 5.0% (1.5) | 194 | 4.3% (1.3) | 188 | 8.4% (1.9) | 179 | 9.5% (2.1) | 0.015 | |
| Control | 209 | 11.2% (2.5) | 194 | 17.4% (3.1) | 184 | 12.6% (2.8) | 174 | 10.8% (2.6) | ||
| I-C difference | −6.2% | −13.1% | −4.2% | −1.3% | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.190 | 0.408 | 0.139 | ||||||
| Takes 30+ minutes to fall asleep on 3-7 nights/week | ||||||||||
| Intervention | 212 | 29.2% (3.5) | 194 | 25.8% (3.4) | 188 | 26.1% (3.3) | 179 | 27.7% (3.5) | 0.369 | |
| Control | 209 | 25.8% (3.5) | 194 | 23.6% (3.4) | 184 | 30.1% (3.7) | 174 | 23.8% (3.6) | ||
| I-C difference | 3.4% | 2.2% | −4.0% | 3.9% | ||||||
| p-net | — | 0.837 | 0.171 | 0.911 | ||||||
Models adjusted for sex, racial category, cohort, the maximum education of parents of the respondent (as a measure of socio-economic status), and intervention course section, and included school as a random effect. All estimates (including I-C difference estimates) are subject to a small degree of rounding error.