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Spinal expression levels of TNF-α on day 21 post-surgery. Expression levels of TNF-α increased in rats following chronic constriction injury compared with the sham-operated rats (**P<0.01). Administration of Pio attenuated the increased expression levels of TNF-α compared with the vehicle group (##P<0.01), and this effect was reversed by co-administration with GW. TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Pio, pioglitazone; GW, GW9662.
