. 2016 Sep 23;60(10):5742–5751. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00591-16

TABLE 4.

Correlations between urinary biomarkers of renal injury and vancomycin PK exposure^a

Urinary biomarker	Association measure	AUC_0–24	C_{max_0–24}	C_{min_0–24}
Clusterin (ng/ml)	r_s	0.372	0.393	0.225
Clusterin (ng/ml)	P value for r_s	0.009	0.006	0.125
Cystatin C (ng/ml)	r_s	0.033	0.076	0.126
Cystatin C (ng/ml)	P value for r_s	0.822	0.610	0.393
KIM-1 (ng/ml)	r_s	0.422	0.453	0.259
KIM-1 (ng/ml)	P value for r_s	0.003	0.001	0.076
Osteopontin (ng/ml)	r_s	0.517	0.546	0.419
Osteopontin (ng/ml)	P value for r_s	0.0002	0.0001	0.003
Lipocalin-2/NGAL (ng/ml)	r_s	0.263	0.271	0.306
Lipocalin-2/NGAL (ng/ml)	P value for r_s	0.071	0.062	0.035

Measures of association between log exposure (i.e., AUC_0–24, C_{max_0–24}, C_{min_0–24}) and the level of expression of urinary biomarkers. Bold, correlations indicate significance at the level with a P value of <0.05. Abbreviations: AUC_0–24, area under the concentration-time curve during the first 24 h; C_{max_0–24}, maximal concentration during the first 24 h; C_{min_0–24}, lowest concentration after the dose closest to 24 h; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; r_s, Spearman's nonparametric correlation coefficient.