Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Control (n=219) |
Intervention (n=195) |
Total (N=414) |
P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 48.4 (12.4) | 48.0 (13.3) | 48.2 (12.8) | 0.763 | |||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 197 | 90.0 | 184 | 94.4 | 381 | 92.0 | 0.099 |
| Female | 22 | 10.1 | 11 | 5.6 | 33 | 8.0 | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Amount of smoking per day, mean (SD) | 17.6 (10.0) | 16.8 (8.2) | 17.2 (9.2) | 0.388 | |||
| Years of smoking, mean (SD) | 25.6 (11.3) | 24.5 (11.9) | 25.1 (11.6) | 0.315 | |||
| Fagerstrom score, mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.7) | 3.5 (2.7) | 3.4 (2.7) | 0.408 | |||
| Previous cessation attempt | |||||||
| Yes | 169 | 77.2 | 141 | 72.3 | 310 | 74.9 | 0.255 |
| Mean number of attempts (SD) | 3.3 (3.6) | 4.4 (9.3) | 3.8 (6.8) | 0.191 | |||
| Unaided quit attempt | 121 | 55.3 | 110 | 56.4 | 231 | 55.8 | 0.813 |
| Nicotine replacement therapy | 47 | 21.5 | 48 | 24.6 | 95 | 23.0 | 0.446 |
| Prescription drug (bupropion, varenicline) | 16 | 7.3 | 13 | 6.7 | 29 | 7.0 | 0.799 |
| Public health center (smoking cessation counseling) | 20 | 9.1 | 29 | 9.7 | 39 | 9.4 | 0.832 |
| Quitline | 2 | 0.9 | 3 | 1.5 | 5 | 1.2 | 0.561 |
| Herbal medicine/acupuncture | 12 | 5.5 | 9 | 4.6 | 21 | 5.1 | 0.689 |
| No | 50 | 22.8 | 54 | 27.7 | 104 | 25.1 | |
| Stages of change | |||||||
| Preparation stage | 80 | 38.7 | 77 | 41.2 | 157 | 39.9 | 0.271 |
| Contemplation stage | 35 | 16.9 | 20 | 10.7 | 55 | 14.0 | |
| Precontemplation stage | 79 | 38.2 | 73 | 39.0 | 152 | 38.6 | |
| Do not want to stop smoking at all | 13 | 6.3 | 17 | 9.1 | 30 | 7.6 | |
| Motivation, mean (SD)a | 6.8 (2.5) | 6.4 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.6) | 0.118 | |||
| Self-efficacy, mean (SD)a | 6.3 (3.9) | 6.2 (2.5) | 6.3 (3.3) | 0.795 | |||
Note:
a
Motivation and self-efficacy for smoking cessation was assessed by a 10-point scale (1: not at all to 10: very much).
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.