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. 2016 Sep 14;16(9):1488. doi: 10.3390/s16091488

Table 2.

List of FPs mentioned in this review.

FPs λex a λem b ε c φ d BR e pKa f Photo-Stability g (min) Lifetime (ns) Maturation h (min) Quaternary Structure Reference
CFP and YFPs
Aquamarine 430 474 26 0.89 23 3.3 79 4.1 2 times slower than ECFP i weak dimer j [35]
ECFP 433 475 33 0.4 13 4.7 64 2.3, 3.0 k ND weak dimer j [40,54]
mTurquoise2 434 474 30 0.93 28 3.1 >64 3.8, 4.0 k ND monomer [34]
mCerulean3 433 475 40 0.8 32 4.7 ~35 3.7, 3.8 k Kfold = 1.90 l monomer [34,37]
LUMP m 420 470 24 0.55 13 ND ND 13.6 ND monomer [11]
mTFP1 462 492 64 0.85 54 4.3 110 3.2 ND monomer [36]
EYFP 513 527 83 0.61 51 6.9 60 2.9 Kfold = 0.39 l weak dimer j [40,55]
mVenus 515 528 92 0.57 53 6 15 3 Kfold = 5.62 l monomer [55,56] [55,56,57]
sEYFP 515 528 101 0.56 57 6.9 ND ND ND weak dimer j [32]
mCitrine 516 529 77 0.76 59 5.7 49 3.61 ND monomer [40,58]
YPet 517 530 104 0.77 80 5.6 49 ND ND dimer [40]
GFPs and RFPs
EGFP 488 507 56 0.6 34 6 174 2.4 25 weak dimer j [40]
NowGFP 494 502 57 0.76 43 6.2 ND 5.1 ND monomer [43]
Clover 505 515 111 0.76 84 6.1 50 3 30 weak dimer [2,46]
mClover3 506 518 109 0.78 85 6.5 80 ND ND weak dimer [45]
mNeonGreen 506 517 116 0.8 93 5.7 158 3 10 monomer [46]
mRuby2 559 600 113 0.38 43 5.3 123 ND 150 monomer [2]
mRuby3 558 592 128 0.45 58 4.8 349 ND <150 monomer [45]
mCherry 587 610 72 0.22 16 4.5 96 1.46 40 monomer [40,59]
FFPs and IFPs
mPlum 590 649 41 0.1 4 4.5 53 ND 100 monomer [40,50]
eqFP650 592 650 65 0.24 16 5.7 30 n ND ND dimer [60]
mCardinal 604 659 87 0.19 17 5.3 730 ND 27 weak dimer [47]
IFP1.4 m 684 708 92 0.07 6 4.6 ND ND 114 dimer [48]
iRFP m 690 713 105 0.06 6 4 ND ND 168 dimer [48]
LSS FPs and FP acceptors
mAmetrine 406 526 45 0.58 26 6 2.8 ND 48 monomer [61,62]
LSS-mOrange 437 572 52 0.45 23 5.7 ~2.8 ND 138 monomer [62]
tdTomato 554 581 138 0.69 95 4.7 98 3.1 60 pseudo monomer [40,63]
mKate2 588 633 63 0.4 25 5.4 81 ND 38 weak dimer [47]
Dark FPs
ShadowG 486 510 89 0.005 0 ND ND ND 76 monomer [64]
REACh1 495 530 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND weak dimer [65]
REACh2 510 538 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND weak dimer j [65]
sREACh 517 531 115 0.07 8 ND ND ND 133 weak dimer j [64]
Phototransformable FPs
rsTagRFP 440 585 5 o 0.005 o ~0 o 6.6 ND ND 43 weak dimer [66]
15 p 0.001 p ~0 p
567 585 37 o 0.11 o 4 o
2 p 0.11 p 0.2 p
PA-GFP 504 517 17 0.79 14 ND ND ND ND weak dimer j [67]
Phanta 506 516 98 0.003 0 4.5 ND ND ND monomer [68]
FPs for Multicolor FRET
T-Sapphire 399 511 44 0.6 26 4.9 25 ND 78 weak dimer [40,69]
mTagBFP 402 457 52 0.63 33 2.7 ND 2.6 ND monomer [70]
sfGFP 485 510 83 0.65 54 5.5 157 ND ND weak dimer j [46]
CyOFP1 497 589 40 0.76 30.4 5.5 111 3.6 15 weak dimer [71]
mOrange2 549 565 58 0.6 35 6.5 228 ND 270 monomer [63]
mKOκ 551 563 105 0.61 64 4.2 ND ND ND monomer [42]
TagRFP 555 584 100 0.48 49 3.8 37 2.3 100 weak dimer [63,72]
DsRed 556 586 57 0.79 45 16 ~678 3.65 ~600 tetramer [58,73,74]

a Excitation maximum in nm; b Emission maximum in nm; c Peak extinction coefficient in mM−1·cm−1; d Quantum yield; e Brightness; product of ε and φ; f pH at which the fluorescence intensity is 50% of its maximum value; g The time to photobleach from 1000 down to 500 emitted photons per second; h The time for fluorescence to obtain half-maximal value after exposure to oxygen; i Maturation of Aquamarine is based on comparison of ECFP and Aquamarine and is its better photostability is likely due to increased rigidity; j Can be made monomeric with A206K mutation; k Phase/modulation lifetime; l Refolding rate from denatured protein in 10−2/s; m Non-autofluorescent FPs. Biliverdin IXα (BV) and 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1′-dimethyl-ribityl) lumazine are the chromphores for NIR FPs and LUMP, respectively. n Photostability of eqFP650 is based on a comparison of photostability between eqFP650 and mCherry; o ON state of rsTagRFP; p OFF state of rsTagRFP.