Table 1.
Combined dielectrophoresis and dmpedance systems for bacteria concentration and detection.
| Principle | Buffer | Conductivity | Bio-Affinity Element | Applied Frequency | Flow Rate Conditions | Bacteria | Sample Rate | Concentration | Signal Variation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEP + IA | Manitol solution | 0.2 mS/m | polyclonal antibodies | 1 MHz | 9 × 102 μL/min | E. coli strain K12 | NA | 107 cells/mL | NA | [38] |
| EPA-DEP + IA | DI water | 0.2 mS/m | no element | 100 kHz | 5 × 102 μL/min | E. coli strain K12 | NA | 104 to 102 CFU/mL | NA | [116] |
| iDEP + IA | DI water | 1–2 μS/cm | fluorescent beads (2 μm) | 100 Hz | 40 μL/min | B. subtilis spores | 10 μL/min | 106 spores/Ml | NA | [46] |
| nDEPpDEP + IA | Manitol solution | 0.1 mS/m | no element | 1 kHz (nDEP) and 100 kHz (pDEP) | 0.27 m/s | E. coli strain K-12 (NBRC3301) | NA | NA | NA | [35] |
| pDEP + IA | PBS solution and DI water | low | polyclonal antibodies | 100 Hz–1 MHz | 2–4 μL/min | E. coli O157:H7 | 3 × 105 CFU/mL | 3 × 102 CFU/mL | NA | [14] |
| DEP + IA | Milli-Q water | 0.5 × 10−3 to 2.5 × 10−3 S/m | no element | 500 Hz to 5 kHz | 10 μL/min | E. coli 5K strains | NA | 2 × 107 cells/mL | 3.1% | [36] |
| DEP + IA + (AC-EO) | Phosphate buffered saline (PBS at pH 7.4) | 1.8 mS/m | no element | 10 kHz–63 MHz (AC-EO) | 5 μL/min | S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 | NA | 3.5 × 105 CFU/mL and 3.8 × 106 CFU/mL | NA | [37] |
| nDEP + IA | Drinking water | 0.0086 S/m (aprox) | no element | 1 kHz–10 MHz | 25 μL/min | E. coli ATTC 8739 | (150–1500 CFU/mL) | 300 CFU/mL | 1.13% ± 0.37% | [30] |
DEP: dielectrophoresis; iDEP: insolator-based dielectrophoresis; pDEP: positive dielectrophoresis; nDEP: negative dielectrophoresis; IA: impedance analysis; EPA: electropermeabilization; AC-EO: AC electroosmosis; NA: No data available.