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. 2016 Oct;46(11):723–736. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.05.010

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

FMRFamide-like peptide encoding gene-11 (flp-11)/FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP)-11 expression is restricted to a single RIS-like (RIS) cell in nematodes. Light microscopy in situ hybridisation images show flp-11 gene expression in a single RIS cell body positioned in the right side of the ventral ganglion in (A, B) Caenorhabditis elegans, (D, E) Panagrellus redivivus, (G, H) Globodera pallida, (J, K) Teladorsagia circumcincta and (M, N) Haemonchus contortus. RIS is positioned between the metacorpus (MC) and terminal bulb (TB) in C. elegans (A–C), posterior to the basal bulb in P. redivivus (D–F), and posterior to the pharyngeal bulb (PB) and stylet (S) in G. pallida (G, H). In T. circumcincta (J, K) and H. contortus (M, N) RIS is shown in the anterior third of the nematode in proximity to the head (HD). (C, F, I, L and O) Confocal microscopy of FLP-11 (anti-NGAPQFPVRFamide) immunoreactivity (green) in C. elegans (C), P. redivivus (F), G. pallida (I), T. circumcincta (L) and H. contortus (O) in a single RIS-like cell (RIS). An anterior neuronal projection running into the circumpharyngeal nerve ring (CNR) is also evident in C. elegans (C), P. redivivus (F) and H. contortus (O). Body wall muscle is counterstained red. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B = 10 μm, C = 20 μm, D = 25 μm, E = 6 μm, F = 25 μm, G = 15 μm, H = 7 μm, I = 15 μm, J = 20 μm, K = 8 μm, L = 15 μm, M = 20 μm, N = 10 μm, O = 10 μm.