Table I.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Daily tooth brushing frequency | Daily use of secondary oral products | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | 0–1 | 2 | ≥3 | P-value | 0 | 1 | ≥2 | P-value |
| Age, years | 49.8±0.6 | 46.1±0.3 | 42.1±0.2 | <.0001 | 45.3±0.3 | 41.2±0.3 | 39.6±0.4 | <.0001 |
| Male, % | 65.7 (1.3) | 52.3 (0.7) | 46.3 (0.5) | <.0001 | 52.4 (0.4) | 45.7 (0.8) | 37.0 (1.5) | <.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.2±0.1 | 23.9±0.1 | 23.4±0.0 | <.0001 | 23.7±0.0 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.2±0.1 | <.0001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.7±0.3 | 82.3±0.2 | 80.0±0.3 | <.0001 | 81.7±0.2 | 79.7±0.2 | 78.7±0.3 | <.0001 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 1958.9±32.5 | 1963.1±16.7 | 2020.2±12.6 | 0.0098 | 1989±12.1 | 2012±17.8 | 2041.1±32.3 | <.0001 |
| Fat intake, g/day | 15.7±0.3 | 17.2±0.2 | 18.7±0.1 | <.0001 | 17.5±0.1 | 19.2±0.2 | 19.9±0.3 | <.0001 |
| Rural residence, % | 27.3 (2.4) | 20.7 (1.8) | 16.6 (1.7) | <.0001 | 21.1 (1.7) | 13.8 (1.4) | 11.1 (1.6) | <.0001 |
| Married, % | 66.7 (1.5) | 70.8 (0.8) | 68.3 (0.8) | 0.0102 | 66.9 (0.7) | 73.3 (1.0) | 74.5 (1.7) | <.0001 |
| Exercise, % | 23.3 (1.3) | 25.5 (0.7) | 25.3 (0.6) | 0.2833 | 24.4 (0.5) | 27.1 (0.8) | 26.5 (1.5) | 0.0073 |
| PTN, % | 39 (1.6) | 34.6 (1.0) | 24.5 (0.7) | <.0001 | 31.0 (0.8) | 24.7 (0.8) | 20.5 (1.4) | <.0001 |
| Checkup within year, % | 22.7 (1.4) | 24.4 (0.8) | 28.6 (0.8) | <.0001 | 22.8 (0.7) | 34.2 (1.0) | 42.0 (1.6) | <.0001 |
| Caries in PT, % | 89.7 (0.9) | 89.4 (0.5) | 90.7 (0.4) | 0.0658 | 89.3 (0.4) | 92.0 (0.5) | 93.3 (0.9) | <.0001 |
| Smoking, % | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 43 (1.4) | 52.4 (0.7) | 59.4 (0.5) | 54.0 (0.4) | 59.1 (0.8) | 64.0 (1.5) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 21.2 (1.1) | 17.1 (0.5) | 16.4 (0.4) | 17.3 (0.4) | 16.6 (0.6) | 15.0 (1.2) | ||
| Current smoker | 35.8 (1.4) | 30.4 (0.7) | 24.2 (0.5) | 28.7 (0.5) | 24.2 (0.8) | 21.0 (1.5) | ||
| Alcohol intake, % | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||
| None | 26.3 (1.3) | 24.4 (0.7) | 21.3 (0.5) | 23.8 (0.5) | 20.0 (0.7) | 19.8 (1.3) | ||
| Light-moderate | 47.9 (1.4) | 54.7 (0.8) | 61.2 (0.6) | 56.0 (0.5) | 62.4 (0.9) | 64.5 (1.6) | ||
| Heavy | 25.9 (1.3) | 20.9 (0.6) | 17.5 (0.5) | 20.2 (0.4) | 17.5 (0.7) | 15.6 (1.3) | ||
| Chewing, % | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||
| Great discomfort | 12.5 (0.9) | 7.7 (0.4) | 3.8 (0.2) | 6.7 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.5) | ||
| Discomfort | 24.4 (1.2) | 21.9 (0.7) | 20.2 (0.5) | 22.0 (0.5) | 19.6 (0.7) | 16.5 (1.1) | ||
| Minor problems | 16.6 (1.1) | 16.6 (0.6) | 14.4 (0.6) | 14.6 (0.5) | 16.2 (0.6) | 19.1 (1.3) | ||
| Minimal problems | 18.9 (1.1) | 22.9 (0.7) | 27.7 (1.0) | 24.5 (0.8) | 27.1 (0.9) | 30.1 (1.6) | ||
| No discomfort | 27.6 (1.4) | 30.9 (0.9) | 33.8 (1.0) | 32.1 (0.9) | 33.4 (1.0) | 31.9 (1.7) | ||
| Speech, % | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||
| Great discomfort | 4.3 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.6 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.2) | ||
| Discomfort | 10.9 (0.9) | 6.9 (0.4) | 5.5 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.4) | 3.6 (0.6) | ||
| Minor problems | 12.1 (1.0) | 8.8 (0.5) | 6.3 (0.3) | 7.4 (0.3) | 7.9 (0.5) | 7.8 (0.9) | ||
| Minimal problems | 20.3 (1.1) | 22.7 (0.8) | 27.3 (1.2) | 25.8 (0.9) | 24.3 (0.9) | 23.9 (1.6) | ||
| No discomfort | 52.4 (1.5) | 60.0 (0.9) | 60 (1.2) | 58.2 (1) | 61.7 (1.1) | 64.1 (1.8) | ||
Data are represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean or as percentages (standard error). Exercise: Individuals were regarded as regular physical exercisers if they performed moderate exercise at least 5 times per week for at least 30 min per session or performed vigorous exercise at least 3 times per week for at least 20 min per session. PTN, peridontal treatment needs; PT, permanent teeth.