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GNPs (10 μg/mL) promoted the (A) IL-6, (B) TNF-α, and (C) MCP-1 secretions of macrophages after 24 h incubation measured by ELISA. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. (D) Schematic illustration of the shape effect of GNPs on cytokine secretion of macrophage cells.
