Table 2.
Demographic and cardiometabolic characteristics stratified by sex and normalized grip strength.
| Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NGS≤0.46 (n=433) | NGS>0.46 (n=333) | NGS≤0.30 (n=414) | NGS>0.30 (n=661) | |
| Age, years | 66.14 (9.56)* | 61.76 (8.54) | 64.57 (9.34)* | 61.79 (9.22) |
| Body Mass, kg | 77.74 (15.68)* | 70.22 (12.12) | 72.00 (15.99)* | 63.68 (12.40) |
| Body Mass Index (BMI), kg/m2 | 29.23 (4.93)* | 26.21 (3.63) | 32.32 (6.06)* | 28.13 (4.66) |
| Obesity (BMI>30), % | 39.70* | 13.60 | 62.90* | 32.80 |
| Waist Circumference (WC), cm | 103.41 (12.69)* | 95.62 (10.52) | 103.00 (12.46)* | 93.62 (11.25) |
| Abdominal Obesity (Sex-Specific WC), % | 54.30* | 24.10 | 88.90* | 70.20 |
| Grip Strength, kg | 27.97 (7.39)* | 38.16 (6.86) | 17.06 (4.86)* | 24.97 (4.95) |
| Normalized Grip Strength (Relative to Body Mass) | 0.36 (0.07)* | 0.55 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.05)* | 0.40 (0.07) |
| Glycohemoglobin, % | 6.72 (1.64) | 6.57 (1.77) | 7.16 (1.93)* | 6.79 (1.95) |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 194.34 (45.59) | 201.99 (50.75)* | 201.84 (50.42) | 201.64 (42.23) |
| HDL-Cholesterol, mg/dL | 38.47 (9.45)* | 39.90 (10.37) | 41.24 (9.96)* | 43.38 (10.68) |
| Low HDL (<40 mg/dL), % | 52.80 | 58.60 | 39.40 | 44.20 |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, μIU/mL | 2.62 (2.90) | 2.65 (3.54) | 3.37 (7.62) | 2.89 (6.24) |
| Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL | 25.42 (8.67) | 27.53 (9.81)* | 21.47 (7.45)* | 23.77 (7.95) |
| Vitamin D Deficiency (<20 ng/dL), % | 26.60 | 21.9 | 43.20* | 33.90 |
| C-Reactive Protein, mg/dL | 3.42 (3.67) | 3.13 (4.91) | 5.90 (7.50)* | 4.14 (8.67) |
| High CVD Risk (≥3.0 mg/dL), % | 38.00* | 27.4 | 58.70* | 40.10 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), mmHg | 141.43 (21.11) | 139.99 (20.10) | 141.08 (21.32)* | 134.83 (20.48) |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), mmHg | 79.59 (11.82) | 80.99 (11.23) | 78.28 (10.64) | 77.89 (10.64) |
| Hypertensive (SBP>140 mmHg or DBP>90 mmHg), % | 48.40 | 46.10 | 47.00* | 39.60 |
*
Significant difference within sexes, between weak (NGS ≤0.46 for men and ≤0.30 for women) and strong (NGS>0.46 for men and >0.30 for women) participants (p<0.05): Denoted as group with higher risk.
Abbreviations: NGS-Normalized Grip Strength; HDL-High Density Lipoprotein; CVD-Cardiovascular Disease
Samples sizes varied according to the specific variable.