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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016 May 3;105(Pt B):109–144. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.028

Figure 23.

Figure 23

Overview of the GO-induced cytokine response and autophagy mediated by the TLR4/TLR9 signaling pathway. GO treatment led to the activation of TLR4 and TLR9, which relayed signals through MyD88-TRAF6-NF-kB and ultimately gave rise to cytokine expression. However, GO-induced TLRs signaling neither elicited IFN-b expression nor activated IRF3, suggesting that TRIF and IRF3 were dispensable in the inflammatory response. Conversely, GO-induced TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6 and TLR4-TRIF signaling cascades signaled through Beclin 1 to initiate autophagy. GO engagement of TLR9 also activated MyD88 and TRAF6, leading to Beclin 1 and LC3 activation and subsequent autophagy. Adapted from Reference [84] with permission, copyright © Elsevier, 2012.