Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics.
| Charachteristica | Total (N=1319) |
Financial incentives/ EG1 (n=626) |
Charitable incentives/ EG2 (n=562) |
Control group/ CG (n=131) |
P | Effect sizeb | ||
| Group characteristics | ||||||||
|
|
Number of cantons | 26 | 8 | 11 | 7 |
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|
|
|
Number of customers contacted | 18,638 | 7487 | 8216 | 2935 |
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|
|
|
Population densityc (residents/km2, median) | 233.56 | 255.15 | 173.45 | 221.08 |
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| Demographic variables | ||||||||
|
|
Age | 42.95 (13.11) | 43.06 (13.25) | 42.50 (12.88) | 44.37 (13.40) | .36 | .002 | |
|
|
Gender (%) | .89 | .01 | |||||
|
|
|
Female | 585 (44.35) | 285 (45.53) | 244 (43.42) | 56 (42.75) |
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|
|
|
|
Male | 635 (48.14) | 301 (48.08) | 270 (48.04) | 64 (48.85) |
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|
|
|
|
Not declared | 99 (7.51) | 40 (6.39) | 48 (8.54) | 11 (8.40) |
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|
|
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Educationd (%) | .17 | .10 | |||||
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|
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University | 597 (45.26) | 301 (48.08) | 244 (43.42) | 51 (39.69) |
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|
|
|
Professional School | 421 (31.92) | 194 (30.99) | 188 (33.45) | 39 (29.77) |
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|
|
|
High School | 219 (16.60) | 95 (15.18) | 95 (16.90) | 29 (22.14) |
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|
|
Secondary School | 25 (1.90) | 13 (2.08) | 10 (1.78) | 2 (1.53) |
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|
|
|
Primary School | 6 (0.45) | 4 (0.64) | 1 (0.18) | 1 (0.76) |
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|
|
Not declared | 51 (3.87) | 19 (3.04) | 24 (4.27) | 8 (6.11) |
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|
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Place of Residence (%) | < .001 | .27 | |||||
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Town | 156 (11.83) | 92 (14.70) | 49 (8.72) | 15 (11.45) |
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Outskirts of town | 327 (24.79) | 185 (29.55) | 116 (20.64) | 26 (19.85) |
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Village | 644 (48.82) | 270 (43.13) | 303 (53.91) | 71 (54.20) |
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|
|
Countryside | 192 (14.56) | 79 (12.62) | 94 (16.73) | 19 (14.50) |
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|
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Income in CHF (%) | .25 | .11 | |||||
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|
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< 2500 | 68 (5.16) | 29 (4.63) | 35 (6.23) | 4 (3.05) |
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|
|
2501–5000 | 203 (15.39) | 90 (14.38) | 91 (16.19) | 22 (16.79) |
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|
|
5001–7500 | 418 (31.69) | 204 (32.59) | 176 (31.32) | 38 (29.01) |
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|
|
7501–10,000 | 220 (16.68) | 107 (17.09) | 87 (15.48) | 26 (19.85) |
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|
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>10,000 | 137 (10.39) | 78 (12.46) | 50 (8.90) | 9 (6.87) |
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|
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Not declared | 273 (20.70) | 118 (18.85) | 123 (21.89) | 32 (24.43) |
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|
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Nationality (%) | .03 | .13 | |||||
|
|
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Swiss | 1195 (90.60) | 554 (88.50) | 520 (92.53) | 121 (92.37) |
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German | 56 (4.25) | 36 (5.75) | 17 (3.02) | 3 (2.29) |
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|
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Other | 54 (4.09) | 32 (5.11) | 16 (2.85) | 6 (4.58) |
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|
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Not declared | 14 (1.06) | 4 (0.64) | 9 (1.60) | 1 (0.76) |
|
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| Physical activity measures | ||||||||
|
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Self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activitye (hours/week) | < .001 | .03 | |||||
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|
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Mean (SD) | 8.90 (11.10) | 8.96 (11.38) | 8.75 (10.59) | 9.26 (11.25) |
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Median | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 5.25 |
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|
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Self-reported walkinge (hours/week) | <.001 | .03 | |||||
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|
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Mean (SD) | 10.01 (13.70) | 10.31 (13.44) | 9.99 (15.55) | 8.61 (10.87) |
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|
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Median | 6.00 | 6.54 | 6.00 | 4.50 |
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|
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Physical activity at work | 3.45 (1.88) | 3.37 (1.84) | 3.48 (1.91) | 3.67 (1.90) | < .001 | .009 | |
|
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Physical activity during spare time | 5.26 (1.17) | 5.36 (1.19) | 5.19 (1.13) | 5.09 (1.22) | .06 | .003 | |
|
|
Walking on way to work (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Yes | 234 (17.74) | 126 (20.13) | 87 (15.48) | 21 (16.03) | .10 | .06 |
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No | 1085 (82.26) | 500 (79.87) | 475 (84.52) | 110 (84.97) |
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|
| Other | ||||||||
|
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Subjective health status | 3.60 (0.73) | 3.66 (0.73) | 3.55 (0.71) | 3.53 (0.80) | <.001 | .02 | |
|
|
Pedometer brand (%) |
|
|
|
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.73 | .09 | |
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Fitbit | 832 (62.08) | 387 (61.82) | 359 (63.88) | 86 (65.65) |
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|
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Fitbit App | 284 (21.53) | 141 (22.52) | 121 (21.53) | 22 (16.79) |
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|
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Garmin | 138 (10.46) | 69 (11.02) | 55 (9.79) | 14 (10.69) |
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Jawbone | 65 (4.93) | 29 (4.63) | 27 (4.80) | 9 (6.87) |
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Pedometer bought for participation (%) | .04 | .07 | |||||
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|
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Yes | 709 (53.75) | 316 (50.48) | 325 (57.83) | 68 (51.91) |
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No | 571 (43.29) | 289 (46.17) | 221 (39.32) | 61 (46.56) |
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Not declared | 39 (2.96) | 21 (3.35) | 16 (2.85) | 2 (1.53) |
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Participation of family member or friend | .65 | .03 | |||||
|
|
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Yes | 251 (19.03) | 122 (19.49) | 108 (19.22) | 21 (16.03) |
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|
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No | 1068 (80.97) | 504 (80.51) | 454 (80.78) | 110 (83.97) |
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|
a Unless otherwise indicated, mean (SD) are displayed for continuous variables and absolute frequencies (relative frequencies) are displayed for categorical variables.
b η2 is used as a measurement of effect size for one-way ANOVAs and Cramer’s V is used as a measurement of effect size for chi-square test. Effect size conventions for η2 are: .01 (small effect), .09 (medium effect), .25 (large effect). Effect size conventions for Cramver’s V are: .10 (small effect), .30 (medium effect), .50 (large effect) for df=1 and .07 (small effect), .21 (medium effect), .35 (large effect) for df=2 [77].
c Based on information of the Swiss Federal Office for Statistics for the year 2013 [78].
dCategories with expected frequencies <5 were not considered for between-group comparison.
e Due to violation of normality a logarithmic transformation was applied for between-group comparison and the median is reported in addition to the mean.