Table 3.
Associations between topical beta-blocker use and cardiovascular mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk Cohort Study (EPIC-Norfolk, 1993–2013).
| Hazard Ratio (95% confidence interval) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1: Cardiovascular mortalitya | ||
| Topical beta-blocker useb | 1.116 (0.802–1.553) | 0.513 |
| Age, per year | 1.190 (1.182–1.198) | <0.001 |
| Sex, female | 0.491 (0.450–0.535) | <0.001 |
| Model 2: Cardiovascular mortalitya | ||
| Topical beta-blocker use+ | 0.931 (0.668–1.299) | 0.677 |
| Age, per year | 1.178 (1.170–1.187) | <0.001 |
| Sex, female | 0.590 (0.537–0.648) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 2.118 (1.783–2.516) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2.287 (1.968–2.659) | <0.001 |
| Angina | 1.294 (1.128–1.486) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 2.272 (1.869–2.761) | <0.001 |
| Systolic hypertension | 1.579 (1.432–1.740) | <0.001 |
| Social class, non-manual | 0.854 (0.782–0.933) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | 1.339 (1.216–1.475) | <0.001 |
a6525 deaths (25.4%); 2158 deaths due to CVD.
b179 participants on topical beta-blockers, of whom 82 (45.8%) died; 36 from CVD.
Model 1 adjusted for age and sex (N = 25,639), model 2 adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, hypertension, social class, and smoking status, using cox proportional hazards model (N = 24,724 due to missing covariables).
CVD, cardiovascular disease.