Table 2.
Summary of preclinical in vivo evaluations of cranberry products as cancer inhibitors.
| Target Organ | In Vivo Models/Cranberry Product and Mode of Delivery/Results |
|---|---|
| [Reference] | |
| Bladder | |
| [65] | Nitrosamine-induced tumors in female F344 rats for eight weeks; following a one-week break, treatment with 0.5 mL/rat or 1.0 mL/rat with cranberry juice concentrate by gavage daily for six months; 31% reduction in bladder tumor weight and 38% reduction in cancerous lesion formation. |
| Colon | |
| [66] | AOM-induced ACF in male F344 rats three weeks after initiation of cranberry juice treament; ad libitum access to 20% cranberry juice in water for 15 weeks; 77% reduction in AOM-induced ACF with reductions in the proximal and distal colon versus untreated controls; significantly increased levels of liver glutathione-S-transferase versus controls. |
| [36] | HT29 (5.0 × 106 cells) xenografts in female NCR NU/NU mice; treatment with cranberry proanthocyanidins (100.0 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally three times weekly for 24 days; significant inhibition of explant growth versus controls. |
| [67] | DSS induced experimental colitis in male Balb/c mice at weeks three and six; Treatment with cranberry extract powder (0.1% or 1.0%) or 1.5% freeze dried whole cranberry powder in diet ad libitum from start until ≥ six weeks; cranberry extract powder (1.0%) and 1.5% dried whole cranberry powder treatment normalized stool consistency, decreased blood in fecal samples versus controls and reduced late onset colitis; all treatments decreased serum TNFα levels. |
| Esophagus | |
| [39] | OE19 (1.25 × 106 cells) xenografts in male athymic NU/NU mice; treatment with cranberry proanthocyanidins (250.0 µg/mouse) by oral gavage six days/week for 19 days; 67% decrease in mean tumor volume versus controls and treatment modulated multiple cancer signaling pathways including inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. |
| Glioblastoma | |
| [36] | U87 (1.0 × 106 cells) xenografts in female NCR NU/NU mice; treatment with cranberry proanthocyanidins (100.0 mg/kg body weight) or a flavonoid rich cranberry fraction (250.0 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally three times a week; significant inhibition of explant growth by both fractions versus controls |
| Lymphoma | |
| [43] | Rev-2-T-6 (5.0 × 106 cells) xenografts in female Balb/C mice; treatment with non-dialyzable material from cranberry juice concentrate (160.0 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally three times a week; significant inhibition of explant growth. |
| Prostate | |
| [36] | DU-145 (4.0 × 106 cells) xenografts in female NCR NU/NU mice; treatment with cranberry proanthocyanidins (100.0 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally three times a week; significant inhibition of explant growth by cranberry proanthocyanidin fraction. |
| Stomach | |
| [53] | SGC-7901 (5.0 x 106 cells) xenografts in Balb/c NU/NU mice; SGC-7901 cells were pre-treated with cranberry extract prior to xenograft implantation; increased tumor latency and reduced tumor size in a dose-dependent manner. |
Abbreviations: azoxymethane (AOM), athymic nude mice (NCR NU/NU), dextran sodium sulfate (DSS).