| Bi/Naf: | a 5 mM solution of Bi(NO3)3 in nitric acid is mixed with the Nafion solution in a 1:10 ratio. |
| Bi/Meth: | 100 mL of the 5 mM solution of Bi(NO3)3 in nitric acid are added with 50 mg of Methocel 90 and 80 mg of sodium acetate. |
| Bi/PSS: | 100 mL of the 5 mM solution of Bi(NO3)3 in nitric acid are added with 516 mg of poly(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) to obtain a 25 mM solution of PSS as monomeric units. |
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