Increased 4-1BB expression in the lungs of crystalline silica-injured mice. A ELISA analysis was used to confirm increased expression in the lungs of crystalline silica-injured mice at indicated time points (n=5-8). B Western blot analysis of 4-1BB protein in the lung tissues of C57BL/6 mice at indicated time points (n=3). C Mean expression in the saline and crystalline silica groups are shown as fold change compared to mean expression in the saline group, which was ascribed a value of 1. Each bar represents the mean ± S.D. Within each time point, # indicates a significant difference from the saline group, # P<0.05 (n=3). D Real-time PCR analysis of 4-1BB mRNA expression in the lungs at indicated time points after saline or crystalline silica treatment (n=5). For statistical analysis, sample data from three independent experiments were calculated to obtain the mean ± S.D. E Immunohistochemistry of 4-1BB in lung sections after saline or crystalline silica treatment for 7 and 56 days. Representative staining images are shown (n=3). a-b, 7 days, c-d, 56 days. a and c are the saline group, b and d are the crystalline silica group. IgG was used as a control. All images are presented at higher magnification. Bars, 100 μm. A, C and D Error bars indicate the mean ± S.D.