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. 2016 Sep 28;6:34106. doi: 10.1038/srep34106

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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For this analysis F1 generation mice from dams treated with vehicle or caffeine from E6.5–9.5 were used. Baseline echocardiograms were taken of (A) vehicle- and (C) caffeine-treated mice. 20 minutes after dobutamine another set of echocardiograms were taken of (B) vehicle- and (D) caffeine-treated mice. Data indicate that caffeine-exposed hearts have impaired response to β-adrenergic stimulation during systole and diastole. Measurements that were altered include interventricular septum (IVS;s); left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW;s, d); d, diastole; s, systole. N = 3–4, P ≤ 0.05. Scale bar = 1 mm.