Table 1. Echocardiography analysis of adult F1 generation mice exposed to caffeine or vehicle as embryos in utero from E6.5–9.5.
| Treatment | Age | IVS;d | LVID;d | LVPW;d | LV Vol;d | IVS;s | LVID;s | LVPW;s | LV Vol;s | % EF | % FS | LV Mass | Heart Rate | Weight | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E6.5–9.5 | mm | mm | mm | ul | mm | mm | mm | ul | % | % | mg | BPM | g | ||
| Vehicle | 12 Weeks | 0.74 | 4.77 | 0.84 | 106.50 | 1.01 | 3.56 | 1.17 | 53.69 | 49.90 | 25.53 | 124.70 | 481.57 | 39.85 | 4 |
| Caffeine | 12 Weeks | 0.80 | 4.60 | 0.89 | 97.92 | 1.10 | 3.29 | 1.23 | 45.23 | 54.76 | 28.69 | 128.07 | 475.44 | 42.98 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.08 | ||
| E6.5–9.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Vehicle | 22 Weeks | 0.84 | 4.63 | 0.93 | 98.97 | 1.15 | 3.25 | 1.30 | 43.26 | 56.58 | 29.81 | 137.03 | 503.31 | 53.54 | 3 |
| Caffeine | 22 Weeks | 0.92* | 4.81* | 0.92 | 108.31* | 1.25 | 3.50* | 1.26 | 51.65* | 52.72 | 27.35 | 154.51* | 499.41 | 53.86 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.46 | ||
| E6.5–9.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Vehicle | 1 year | 0.95 | 4.68 | 1.07 | 102.53 | 1.33 | 3.30 | 1.49 | 44.87 | 56.47 | 29.66 | 169.77 | 495.54 | 62.13 | 4 |
| Caffeine | 1 year | 0.96 | 4.94 | 1.06 | 115.91 | 1.30 | 3.70* | 1.32* | 59.77* | 48.89* | 25.28* | 183.34 | 469.46 | 59.36 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.45 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.34 | ||
IVS, interventricular septum; LVID, left ventricle internal diameter; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall; LV, left ventricle; FS, fraction shortening; Vol, volume; EF, ejection fraction; d, diastole; s, systole. Units: IVS, LVID, LVPW are measured in millimeters (mm); LV vol is measured in milliliters (ml); LV mass is measured in milligrams (mg). *P-value ≤ 0.05. P-values were calculated by Student’s t-test.