Table 2. Echocardiography analysis of F1, F2, and F3 generation adult offspring of F0 dams exposed to vehicle or caffeine.
| Age/Generation | IVS;d | LVID;d | LVPW;d | LV Vol;d | IVS;s | LVID;s | LVPW;s | LV Vol;s | % EF | % FS | LV Mass | Heart Rate | Weight | N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E10.5-13.5 | 22 Weeks | mm | mm | mm | ul | mm | mm | mm | ul | % | % | mg | BPM | g | |
| Vehicle | F1 | 1.00 | 4.47 | 0.94 | 92.01 | 1.37 | 3.24 | 1.24 | 43.55 | 53.71 | 28.02 | 147.37 | 521.75 | 50.83 | 5 |
| Caffeine | F1 | 0.94 | 4.61 | 0.98 | 99.24 | 1.26 | 3.49 | 1.24 | 52.95 | 47.11 | 24.11 | 150.62 | 493.81 | 50.97 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.16 | 0.49 | ||
| E10.5-13.5 | 1 year | ||||||||||||||
| Vehicle | F1 | 1.03 | 4.58 | 0.98 | 96.47 | 1.34 | 3.26 | 1.34 | 43.46 | 55.47 | 28.94 | 157.57 | 496.03 | 52.51 | 5 |
| Caffeine | F1 | 0.90 | 4.84 | 1.01 | 110.90 | 1.25 | 3.49 | 1.38 | 52.46 | 54.03 | 28.19 | 164.50 | 473.44 | 61.33 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.08 | ||
| E10.5–13.5 | 22 Weeks | ||||||||||||||
| Vehicle | F2 | 0.88 | 4.62 | 0.94 | 98.84 | 1.21 | 3.36 | 1.25 | 46.72 | 53.01 | 27.42 | 142.55 | 494.17 | 52.16 | 5 |
| Caffeine | F2 | 0.84 | 4.59 | 0.95 | 97.20 | 1.16 | 3.29 | 1.29 | 44.35 | 54.29 | 28.36 | 137.13 | 471.52 | 50.06 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.30 | ||
| E10.5–13.5 | 1 year | ||||||||||||||
| Vehicle | F2 | 0.92 | 5.00 | 1.00 | 118.72 | 1.29 | 3.66 | 1.34 | 57.24 | 52.09 | 26.89 | 173.76 | 523.84 | 60.10 | 5 |
| Caffeine | F2 | 0.89 | 4.75* | 1.11* | 105.32* | 1.25 | 3.32* | 1.50* | 45.54* | 57.01* | 30.07* | 169.31 | 526.52 | 59.62 | 7 |
| P-value | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.47 | ||
| E10.5–13.5 | 22 Weeks | ||||||||||||||
| Vehicle | F3 | 0.92 | 4.60 | 0.94 | 97.37 | 1.28 | 3.32 | 1.25 | 45.24 | 53.67 | 27.75 | 145.25 | 518.58 | 51.71 | 5 |
| Caffeine | F3 | 0.92 | 4.77 | 0.96* | 106.35 | 1.28 | 3.40 | 1.33* | 48.24 | 54.95 | 28.66 | 157.30* | 498.39 | 51.35 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.31 | ||
| E10.5–13.5 | 1 year | ||||||||||||||
| Vehicle | F3 | 1.00 | 4.70 | 1.06 | 102.75 | 1.42 | 3.28 | 1.48 | 44.50 | 57.26 | 30.39 | 174.27 | 554.53 | 62.73 | 5 |
| Caffeine | F3 | 0.95 | 5.07 | 1.15 | 125.27 | 1.42 | 3.28 | 1.48 | 67.29 | 49.37 | 25.72 | 201.70* | 552.16 | 63.04 | 4 |
| P-value | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.35 | ||
Only the F1 generation embryos were exposed to vehicle or caffeine in utero from E10.5-13.5. For abbreviations please see Table 1. *P-value ≤ 0.05. P-values were calculated by Student’s t-test.