TABLE 4.
Association of second-trimester maternal protein intake, presented as a continuous variable and by quartile, with birth weight z score1
| Birth weight z score2 (n = 1205) |
||||||
| Second-trimester maternal protein intake | Mean birth weight, kg | Mean birth weight z score | Model 13 | Model 24 | Model 35 | Model 46 |
| Continuous 1-SD (0.36 g · kg prepregnancy body weight− · d−) increment | −0.15 (−0.21, −0.09) | −0.17 (−0.23, −0.11) | −0.12 (−0.18, −0.06) | −0.06 (−0.11, −0.01) | ||
| Quartile (median intake, g · kg prepregnancy body weight− · d−) | ||||||
| 1 (0.94) | 3.6 | 0.72 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2 (1.23) | 3.5 | 0.62 | −0.11 (−0.28, 0.07) | −0.16 (−0.33, 0.02) | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.04) | −0.10 (−0.23, 0.04) |
| 3 (1.46) | 3.5 | 0.55 | −0.17 (−0.34, 0.00) | −0.23 (−0.40, −0.06) | −0.16 (−0.33, 0.01) | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.08) |
| 4 (1.75) | 3.4 | 0.38 | −0.34 (−0.51, −0.17) | −0.39 (−0.56, −0.21) | −0.25 (−0.43, −0.08) | −0.13 (−0.27, 0.02) |
1
Based on International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century growth standards; sex-specific by gestational age. Ref, reference.
2
Values are β (95% CI), based on multivariable linear regression models. Protein intake is adjusted for total energy intake.
3
Unadjusted.
4
Adjusted for maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, household income at enrollment, and maternal age at enrollment.
5
Adjusted for covariates in Model 2 plus gestational weight gain and maternal and paternal height.
6
Adjusted for covariates in Model 3 plus birth length.