TABLE 1.
Characteristics of SWS mothers1
| Mother-child pairs studied |
Remaining mother-child pairs |
||||
| Values | n | Values | n | P values | |
| Age at delivery, y | 30.4 ± 3.72 | 523 | 30.7 ± 3.9 | 2633 | 0.06 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24.3 (22.0, 28.1)3 | 518 | 24.1 (21.8, 27.2) | 2610 | 0.10 |
| Late-pregnancy triceps skinfold thickness, mm3 | 20.8 (17.0, 25.7) | 520 | 20.8 (16.5, 25.3) | 2058 | 0.19 |
| Late-pregnancy serum retinol, μmol/L | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 520 | 1.31 ± 0.36 | 1032 | 0.41 |
| Late-pregnancy serum β-carotene, μmol/L | 0.29 (0.20, 0.45) | 446 | 0.32 (0.22, 0.47) | 905 | 0.05 |
| Smoked during pregnancy, n (%) | 69 (13.2) | 523 | 416 (16.9) | 2465 | 0.04 |
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 254 (48.6) | 523 | 1357 (51.6) | 2630 | 0.21 |
| Took supplementary retinol in late pregnancy, n (%) | 9 (1.7) | 520 | 51 (2.4) | 2122 | 0.36 |
| Took supplementary β-carotene in late pregnancy, n (%) | 34 (6.5) | 520 | 194 (9.1) | 2122 | 0.06 |
| Educational status,4 n (%) | 521 | 2626 | 0.02 | ||
| None | 9 (1.7) | 90 (3.4) | |||
| ≤GCSE grade D | 41 (7.9) | 253 (9.6) | |||
| ≥GCSE grade C | 143 (27.4) | 767 (29.2) | |||
| Advanced levels or equivalent | 153 (29.4) | 800 (30.5) | |||
| HND | 45 (8.6) | 153 (5.8) | |||
| Degree | 130 (25.0) | 563 (21.4) | |||
1
P values were used to compare maternal characteristics according to t tests for normally distributed continuous variables, Mann-Whitney rank-sum tests for nonnormally distributed continuous variables, and chi-square tests for categorical variables. GCSE, general certificate of secondary education; HND, higher national diploma; SWS, Southampton Women’s Survey.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).
3
Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values).
4
GCSEs taken at the age of 16 y, advanced levels at the age of 18 y, and HNDs and degrees thereafter.