TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants1
| All (n = 63) | Men (n = 33) | Women (n = 30) | P2 | |
| Age, y | 49.3 ± 15.5 | 53.0 ± 14.0 | 45.2 ± 16.3 | 0.045 |
| Body composition | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.3 ± 4.3 | 27.4 ± 4.1 | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 0.791 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90.3 ± 12.5 | 95.0 ± 11.6 | 85.1 ± 11.5 | 0.001 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 103.3 ± 8.6 | 101.8 ± 7.5 | 105.0 ± 9.4 | 0.138 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 |
| Abdominal region, % | ||||
| Total fat | 31.0 ± 9.1 | 28.8 ± 8.5 | 33.1 ± 9.2 | 0.066 |
| LM | 68.3 ± 8.9 | 70.5 ± 8.4 | 66.1 ± 9.0 | 0.060 |
| LM+BMC | 69.0 ± 9.1 | 71.2 ± 8.5 | 66.9 ± 9.2 | 0.066 |
| Trunk region, % | ||||
| Total fat | 30.3 ± 8.9 | 24.6 ± 7.1 | 36.2 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 |
| LM | 67.2 ± 8.6 | 72.8 ± 6.9 | 61.5 ± 6.0 | <0.0001 |
| LM+BMC | 69.7 ± 8.9 | 75.4 ± 7.1 | 63.8 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 |
| Whole body, % | ||||
| Total fat | 29.7 ± 8.4 | 24.3 ± 6.7 | 35.2 ± 6.1 | <0.0001 |
| LM | 67.3 ± 8.1 | 72.6 ± 6.5 | 61.9 ± 5.7 | <0.0001 |
| LM+BMC | 70.3 ± 8.4 | 75.7 ± 6.7 | 64.7 ± 6.0 | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 117.9 ± 13.1 | 123.3 ± 11.9 | 112.7 ± 14.2 | 0.002 |
| Diastolic | 73.7 ± 9.0 | 76.8 ± 11.2 | 69.0 ± 16.0 | 0.028 |
| Fasting plasma lipid and inflammatory profile | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 9.9 ± 1.8 | 0.243 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 1.5 | 0.036 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 0.004 |
| VLDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.314 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.318 |
| Total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 0.002 |
| Nonesterified fatty acids, μmol/L | 563 ± 193 | 507 ± 144 | 625 ± 223 | 0.015 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 2.4 ± 3.9 | 2.2 ± 4.6 | 2.6 ± 3.0 | 0.665 |
| Glycemic profile | ||||
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.042 |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 58.2 ± 22.2 | 60.0 ± 23.4 | 55.8 ± 21.6 | 0.471 |
| Fructosamine, μmol/L | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 0.031 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 0.155 |
| Homeostatic model assessment | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 0.238 |
| Insulin index | 78.8 ± 26.3 | 85.1 ± 27.4 | 71.6 ± 23.5 | 0.043 |
| Physical activity, 1000 kcal/wk | 3.4 ± 3.4 | 4.3 ± 4.5 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 0.032 |
1
Values are means ± SDs. LM, lean muscle; LM+BMC, lean muscle + bone mineral content.
2
Between men and women, derived by using unpaired t test.