Fig. 3.

Normalization is largely a property of a cell rather than a response to specific stimuli. A: responses of an example V1 unit to single, full-contrast gratings at different orientations (black line represents the best fit von Mises function). Arrows indicate the pairs of orthogonal gratings that elicit the largest (best orientation pair) and smallest response differences (worst orientation pair) in the example unit. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (SE). B–D: scatterplots of the normalization indexes calculated using the best (y-axis) and worst (x-axis) orientation pairs for each unit recorded in V1, MT, and V4, respectively.