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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Urol. 2016 Mar 28;70(6):974–982. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.027

Table 4.

Multivariable prostate cancer incidence by disease severity among 31 925 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study according to reported ejaculation frequency at different timesa

Ejaculation frequency
0–3 EPM 4–7 EPM 8–12 EPM ≥13 EPM p value
for trend
Cases
(n)
MV HR
(95% CI)
Cases
(n)
MV HR
(95% CI)
Cases
(n)
MV HR
(95% CI)
Cases
(n)
MV HR
(95% CI)
Age 20–29 yr
Low grade (GS ≤ 3 + 4) 76 0.88 (0.68–1.13) 283 1.00 (Ref) 785 1.00 (0.87–1.15) 1364 0.86 (0.76–0.98) 0.006
High grade (GS ≥ 4 + 3) 39 1.32 (0.91–1.92) 93 1.00 (Ref) 244 1.00 (0.78–1.27) 451 0.93 (0.74–1.16) 0.08
Organ-confined 98 1.04 (0.82–1.30) 309 1.00 (Ref) 877 1.04 (0.91–1.18) 1508 0.89 (0.78–1.00) 0.0008
Advanced 21 0.79 (0.48–1.29) 72 1.00 (Ref) 156 0.87 (0.65–1.15) 268 0.80 (0.62–1.05) 0.23
Lethal 14 0.63 (0.35–1.14) 57 1.00 (Ref) 113 0.83 (0.60–1.14) 200 0.82 (0.60–1.10) 0.71
Age 40–49 yr
Low grade (GS ≤ 3 + 4) 106 0.76 (0.62–0.93) 689 1.00 (Ref) 1010 0.90 (0.82–0.99) 703 0.76 (0.68–0.85) <0.0001
High grade (GS ≥ 4 + 3) 57 1.38 (1.03–1.86) 197 1.00 (Re) 318 1.01 (0.85–1.21) 255 0.99 (0.82–1.19) 0.23
Organ-confined 132 0.86 (0.71–1.03) 749 1.00 (Ref) 1126 0.93 (0.84–1.02) 785 0.78 (0.71–0.86) <0.0001
Advanced 33 0.98 (0.67–1.44) 146 1.00 (Ref) 185 0.83 (0.66–1.03) 153 0.85 (0.67–1.07) 0.16
Lethal 24 0.95 (0.61–1.49) 107 1.00 (Ref) 133 0.83 (0.64–1.08) 120 0.95 (0.73–1.24) 0.78
Year before
questionnaire (1991)
Low grade (GS ≤ 3 + 4) 778 1.04 (0.94–1.15) 869 1.00 (Ref) 587 0.97 (0.87–1.08) 274 0.82 (0.72–0.95) 0.003
High grade (GS ≥ 4 + 3) 284 1.08 (0.91–1.29) 264 1.00 (Ref) 180 1.07 (0.88–1.30) 99 1.13 (0.89–1.43) 0.68
Organ-confined 901 1.08 (0.98–1.18) 952 1.00 (Ref) 648 1.00 (0.90–1.11) 291 0.82 (0.72–0.94) 0.0008
Advanced 211 0.99 (0.79–1.22) 157 1.00 (Ref) 88 0.98 (0.75–1.28) 61 1.37 (1.00–1.86) 0.11
Lethal 169 0.95(0.74–1.22) 114 1.00 (Ref) 60 1.01 (0.74–1.39) 41 1.48(1.02–2.15) 0.05

EPM = ejaculations per month; MV = multivariable; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; GS = Gleason score.

a

Organ-confined disease: stage T1/2N0M0 at diagnosis that did not progress to metastasis or death during the follow-up period. Advanced disease: stage T3b/4 or N1 or M1 at diagnosis or prostate cancer death or distant metastasis during follow-up. Lethal disease: prostate cancer death or metastases to bone or other organs before the end of the follow-up period.