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. 2016 Sep 29;7:380. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00380

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Copyright © 2016 Londono-Renteria, Cardenas, Troupin and Colpitts.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hypothetical chronic progression of total and bi-specific IgG4 antibodies according to disease transmission settings. (A) Total IgG4 antibodies develop under chronic exposure to antigens. (B–D) Graphic representation of the bi-specific IgG4 antibody levels in the presence of exposure to high mosquito population/no pathogen transmission (B), high mosquito population/high pathogen transmission (C), and low mosquito population/low pathogen transmission (D). Antibody levels will depend on the time and magnitude of exposure to antigens.