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. 2016 Sep 29;6:111. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00111

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Copyright © 2016 Cangi, Gordon, Bournez, Pinarello, Aprelon, Huber, Lefrançois, Neves, Meyer and Vachiéry.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Distribution of E. ruminantium genetic groups and subgroups 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, and 2E in each sampled country within Africa, Caribbean, and Indian Ocean Islands. Groups are coded by symbols according to the legend. Symbol size corresponds to sampling size defined by the following sample threshold: >15 samples (big symbol), < 15 samples (medium symbol), and < 5 samples (small symbol). Recent (< 400 years ago; brown arrows) and ancient (>400 years ago; black arrows) movement of cattle is represented in the map.