Table 4.

TCMs regulate the cytokine release in the inflammatory cascade in ischemic stroke models.

TCMs	Isolated from the Chinese herb (Chinese name)	Anti-inflammatory actions	Models	References
Puerarin	Ge Gen	TLR4↓, MyD88↓, NF-κBp65↓, TNF-α↓	MCAo 1.5 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[41]
Tetramethylpyrazine	Chuan Xiong	TLR4↓, HMGB1↓, Nrf2↑, HO-1↑	Permanent MCAo 3 d of ischemia	[42]
Notoginseng	San Qi	IL-1β↓	MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 22 h of reperfusion	[43]
Puerarin	Ge Gen	TNF-α↓, iNOS↓	MCAo 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[44]
Osthole	She Chuang Zi	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, COX-2↓, iNOS↓	Permanent MCAo 24 h of ischemia	[45]
Caffeic acid ester	Deng Zhan Hua	iNOS mRNA↓, TNF-α mRNA↓, IL-1β mRNA↓	MCAo 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[46]
Arctigenin	Nu Bang Zi	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, OX-42↓	MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[47]
Schisandrin B	Wu Wei Zi	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, MMP-2↓, MMP-9↓, OX-42↓	MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[48]
Asiaticoside	Ji Xue Cao	iNOS↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓	BCCAo 10 min of ischemia (repeat 2 times) followed by 7 d of reperfusion	[49]
Magnolol	Hou Pu	iNOS↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, NF-κBp65↓	BCCAo 1.5 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[50]
Danhong injection	Dan Shen and Hong Hua	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓	MCAo 1.5 h of ischemia followed by 14 d of reperfusion	[51]
Gastrodin	Tian Ma	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓	MCAo 1 h of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion	[52]
Danshen	Dan Shen	IL-10 mRNA↓, TNF-α mRNA↓, IL-10↓, TNF-α↓	MCAo 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[53]
Guizhi fuling capsules	Gui Zhi, Shao Yao, Mu Dan, Tao Ren, Fu Ling	TNF-α mRNA↓, IL-1β mRNA↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-10 mRNA↑, IL-10R mRNA↑, IL-10↑, IL-10R↑	MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[54]
Gualou Guizhi decoction	Tian Hua Fen, Gui Zhi, Shao Yao, Gan Zao, Sheng Jiang, Da Zao	TNF-α↓, IL-1↓, NF-κBp65↓, IL-10↑	MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 7 d of reperfusion	[55]
Paeoniflorin	Shao Yao	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, 5-LO↓	MCAo 1.5 h of ischemia followed by 14 d of reperfusion	[56]
Paeoniflorin	Shao Yao	COX-2↓, 5-LO↓, iNOS↓	MCAo 1.5 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion	[57]

TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; iNOS, inducible nitric oxidase synthase; 5-LO, 5-lipoxygenase.