Table 5.
TCMs regulate transcription factors in the inflammatory cascade in ischemic stroke models.
| TCMs | Isolated from the Chinese herb (Chinese name) | Anti-inflammatory actions | Models | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wogonin | Huang Qin | NF-κBp65↓, iNOS↓, TNF-α↓ | 4-VO 10 min of ischemia followed by 7 d of reperfusion |
[58] |
|
| ||||
| Tanshinone IIA | Dan Shen | NF-κBp65↓, iNOS↓ | MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion Permanent MCAo 24 h of ischemia |
[59, 60] |
|
| ||||
| Silymarin | Shui Fei Ji | NF-κBp65↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, ICAM-1↓, IL-1β↓, MPO↓ | MCAo 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[61] |
|
| ||||
| Ruscogenin | Mai Men Dong | NF-κBp65↓, ICAM-1↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓ | MCAo 1 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[62] |
|
| ||||
| Hydroxysafflor yellow A | Hong Hua | NF-κBp65↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓ | Permanent MCAo 24 h of ischemia |
[63] |
|
| ||||
| 2-Methoxystypandrone | Hu Zhang | NF-κBp65↓, IκBα↑, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, | MCAo 40 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[64] |
|
| ||||
| Piperlonguminine | Bi Bo | NF-κBp65↓, p-p38 MAPK↓ | Permanent MCAo 24 h of ischemia |
[65] |
|
| ||||
| Curcumin | Jiang Huang | PPARγ↑, NF-κBp65↓, IκBα↑, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, iNOS↓, PGE2↓, COX-2↓ | MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[66] |
|
| ||||
| Icariin | Yin Yang Huo | PPARα↑, PPARγ↑, NF-κBp65↓, IL-1β↓ | MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[67] |
|
| ||||
| Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | Hong Hua | STAT3↓, NF-κBp65↓ TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, iNOS↓, MMP-9↓, ICAM-1↓ |
MCAo 2 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[68] |
|
| ||||
| Astragaloside IV, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, notoginsenoside R1 | Huang Qi and San Qi | JAK1↓, STAT1↓, NF-κBp65↓, p-IκBα↓ TNF-α mRNA↓, IL-1β mRNA↓, ICAM-1 mRNA↓ |
BCCAo 20 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[69] |
|
| ||||
| Curcumin | Jiang Huang | JAK2↑, STAT3↑, IL-1β↓, IL-8↓ | MCAo 1.5 h of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion |
[70] |
|
| ||||
| Tetramethylpyrazine | Chuan Xiong | Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, MPO↓, p-c-Jun↓, p-JNK↓, AP-1↓ | Permanent MCAo 72 h of ischemia |
[71] |
4-VO, 4-vessel occlusion; IκBα, inhibitor of NF-κB protein α; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; JAK1, Janus kinase 1; AP-1, activating protein-1.