Table 6.
Effect of freeze-dried fruit polyphenols on inflammatory markers at baseline and post-intervention.
| Author, Year | Risk Factors for CVD | Intervention/s | Marker Measured | Results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post-Intervention | p-Value | Δ | ||||
| Auclair, 2010 [26] | High cholesterol | 40 g/d apple powder * (0.21 g/d polyphenol) with water | CRP (mg/L) | 0.98 ± 1.06 | 0.78 ± 0.53 | NS | −0.2 |
| 40 g/d apple powder ** (1.43 g/d polyphenol) with water | CRP (mg/L) | 1.14 ± 1.08 | 1.16 ± 1.25 | NS | +0.02 | ||
| Basu, 2014 [25] | Obese and elevated serum lipids | 25 g/day of a calorie/fibre matched control with 474 me water for 12 weeks | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.1 ± 10 | 6.4 ± 13.9 | NS | +1.3 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/L) | 608 ± 256 | 712 ± 302 | NS | 104 | |||
| sICAM-1 (ng/L) | 226 ± 116 | 230 ± 116 | NS | 4 | |||
| 25 g/day of freeze-dried strawberry (1.08 g/d of polyphenols) with water | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 4.2 ± 8.5 | 4.4 ± 7.7 | NS | 0.2 | ||
| sVCAM-1 (ng/L) | 709 ± 511 | 803 ± 410 | NS | 94 | |||
| sICAM-1 (ng/L) | 258 ± 147 | 257 ± 108 | NS | −1 | |||
| 50 g/day of a calorie/fibre matched control with 474 mL water for 12 weeks | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 4.7 ± 7.7 | 6.5 ± 13.9 | NS | 1.8 | ||
| sVCAM-1 (ng/L) | 584 ± 279 | 776 ± 472 | NS | 192 | |||
| sICAM-1 (ng/L) | 243 ± 124 | 274 ± 116 | NS | 31 | |||
| 50 g/day of freeze dried strawberry (2.16 g/d polyphenols) with 4 water | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 8.1 ± 13.9 | 6.9 ± 11.6 | NS | −1.2 | ||
| sVCAM-1 (ng/L) | 610 ± 341 | 768 ± 488 | NS | 158 | |||
| sICAM-1 (ng/L) | 256 ± 178 | 278 ± 201 | NS | 22 | |||
Abbreviations: NS, not significant and value not provided; NP, not provided. (mean ± SD); * golden delicious apple powder; **, cider apple powder; CRP, C-Reactive Protein; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-Reactive Protein; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule.