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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 29.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(25):2765–2778. doi: 10.2174/1568026616666160413141613

Fig. 2. Summary of the roles of membrane-bound and soluble gp96 in adaptive immunity.

Fig. 2

(i) Tumor-bearing membrane-bound gp96, or soluble gp96 released by tumor cells (ii), can induce maturation of immature dendritic cells (iDCs) into fully matured DCs (mDCs) via interaction with gp96 receptors on the surface of DCs. Matured DCs can induce activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, leading to apoptosis of tumor cells (iii). In some cases, LPS-activated B cells express surface gp96 (iv), which interacts with gp96 receptors such as CD91 on activated CD4+ T cells (v). Here, surface gp96 acts as a co-stimulatory molecule for T cell differentiation into the Th2 cell lineage (vi). These cells release Th2-specific cytokines which provide support for CD8 T cells in mediating tumor cell killing (vii).