Table 3.

Responses to computing experience items.

Item	Class	N	Mean	SDa	CIb (95%)	P	η2
Delete, move, rename, or copy files	2009	38	4.24	0.97	3.92-4.56	.001	.08
	2014	50	4.84	0.42	4.72-4.96
	2019	99	4.67	0.69	4.53-4.80
Create and manage folders and directories	2009	38	3.97	1.13	3.60-4.34	.011	.05
	2014	51	4.53	0.64	4.35-4.71
	2019	99	4.57	0.70	4.43-4.71
Perform general formatting on text (change font sizes, select, copy, move, center, underline, bold, number pages, and so forth)	2009	38	4.68	0.74	4.44-4.93	.946	.00
	2014	51	4.82	0.39	4.72-4.93
	2019	99	4.76	0.57	4.64-4.87
Insert and modify figures, images, tables, and so forth	2009	38	4.05	0.99	3.73-4.38	.030	.04
	2014	50	4.34	0.66	4.15-4.53
	2019	98	4.47	0.76	4.32-4.62
Perform general data entry (use different numeric formats, change column widths, insert rows or columns, cut or paste values, and so forth)	2009	38	4.13	1.26	3.72-4.54	.587	.01
	2014	51	4.45	0.832	4.22-4.69
	2019	97	4.38	0.90	4.20-4.56
Use functions and formulas for common tasks (sum and average ranges of cells, apply simple financial functions, specify absolute and relative cell addresses)	2009	38	3.50	1.29	3.08-3.92	.757	.00
	2014	51	3.75	1.06	3.45-4.04
	2019	99	3.67	1.06	3.46-3.88
Create spreadsheet charts (pie charts, bar charts, and so forth)	2009	38	3.71	1.23	3.31-4.11	.327	.01
	2014	51	4.12	0.91	3.86-4.37
	2019	99	3.90	1.04	3.69-4.11
Send, receive, copy, and forward email	2009	38	4.76	0.54	4.59, 4.94	.472	.01
	2014	51	4.90	0.30	4.82-4.99
	2019	99	4.81	0.53	4.70-4.91
Send and receive attachments	2009	38	4.71	0.57	4.52-4.90	.160	.02
	2014	51	4.90	0.30	4.82-4.99
	2019	99	4.82	0.50	4.72, 4.92
Use the Internet for searching for and locating specific information	2009	38	4.58	0.64	4.37-4.79	.109	.02
	2014	51	4.73	0.57	4.57-4.89
	2019	99	4.78	0.53	4.67-4.88
Create your own web pages	2009	38	2.29	1.25	1.88-2.70	.467	.01
	2014	51	2.63	1.28	2.27-2.99
	2019	99	2.46	1.27	2.21-2.72

^aSD: standard deviation.

^bCI: confidence interval.