Table 3.
Cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality, the number of cases and proportion potentially preventable by increasing adherence to the Mediterranean diet: the EPIC-Norfolk studya
| The whole cohort (n = 23,902) | High risk population (n = 15,767)b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incidencec | Cases preventablec | PAF% (95 % CI)c | Incidencec | Cases preventablec | PAF% (95 % CI)c | |
| Incident CVD events | ||||||
| All incident CVD | 248.6 | 9.7 | 3.9 (1.3–6.5) | 334.4 | 13.0 | 3.9 (1.1–6.7) |
| Incident IHD | 98.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 (1.9–15.2) | 138.3 | 10.8 | 7.8 (1.3–14.3) |
| Incident stroke | 33.8 | 3.7 | 10.8 (−1.5 to 23.1) | 48.1 | 4.9 | 10.2 (−2.1 to 22.6) |
| Incident IHD or stroke | 120.3 | 10.2 | 8.5 (3.1–13.9) | 168.9 | 13.1 | 7.7 (2.3–13.2) |
| Mortality events | ||||||
| All-cause mortality | 138.4 | 7.5 | 5.4 (1.3–9.5) | 191.3 | 10.9 | 5.7 (1.6–9.8) |
| CVD mortality | 43.9 | 5.5 | 12.5 (4.5–20.6) | 65.0 | 7.4 | 11.4 (3.3–19.6) |
| IHD mortality | 21.1 | 3.5 | 16.6 (1.9–31.2) | 31.3 | 4.8 | 15.4 (0.5–30.3) |
| Stroke mortality | 13.2 | 0.7 | 5.3 (−12.0 to 22.7) | 19.6 | 0.9 | 4.6 (−13.0 to 22.2) |
| IHD or stroke mortality | 34.1 | 4.1 | 11.9 (1.75–22.0) | 50.3 | 5.4 | 10.7 (0.48–20.9) |
aIncreasing adherence to the top 5 % (95th percentile, or 10.7 out of possible 15 points) of the Mediterranean dietary score based on the dietary pyramid (PyrMDS). See Additional file 1: Table S2 for further details on the scoring criteria for PyrMDS
bHigh risk defined as a QRISK2 score of 10 % or above for 10 year risk of CVD, for whom a pharmacological intervention (statin treatment) is advised in the United Kingdom
cPer 1000 population over 10 years. PAF, indicating proportion of cases attributable to the exposure of interest (low adherence to the Mediterranean diet)
CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; PAF, population attributable fraction