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Theory of the genetic code evolution. This shows the evolutionary pathway going from the GNC code (4 codons) to the SNS code (16 codons) to the universal genetic code (64 codons). (A) Adapted from Massimo Di Giulio (72). (B) Adapted from Kenji Ikehara (10). (C) Instead of the conventional representation, the modern genetic code is shown reflecting the order of codon occurrence (columns G and U inverted).
