Table 1.

Parallels Between Information from Cyber Intelligence and Disease Surveillance

Subject	Malicious Software	Infectious Disease
Agents	• source code and binaries • signature or hash functions (eg, MD5, SHA) • origin, author, intent	• pathogens (eg, virus samples) • gene sequences • origin, evolution, etc
Vulnerabilities	• outdated systems, hostile or compromised IP addresses, domain names, breach details	• susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered individuals
Defenses	• response agencies and officials • detection, containment, remediation	• response agencies and officials • detection, infection control, treatment