Table 2.
Extracellular matrix biomarkers in cardiovascular disease (CVD)
| Biomarker | Tissue | Clinical context | Main findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biglycan | Coronary artery | Atherosclerosis | Atherosclerotic segments have enriched deposits of biglycan | 94 |
| Decorin | Coronary artery | Atherosclerosis | Accumulation in intima of early atherosclerotic lesions | 95 |
| Podocan | Coronary artery | Restenosis | Reduced in restenotic coronary lesions | 96 |
| Fibromodulin | Coronary artery | Atherosclerosis | High expression associated with symptomatic plaques | 97 |
| MMP‐1 | Serum | Atherosclerosis | Serum levels associated with plaque burden | 98 |
| MMP‐9 | Plasma | CVD | Plasma concentration predictor of cardiovascular mortality | 99 |
| MMP‐10 | Serum | PAD | Increased levels associated with clinical events | 100 |
| MMP‐12 | Plasma | Atherosclerosis, CAD | Associated with severe atherosclerosis and increased incidence of coronary events | 101 |
| TIMP‐1 | Plasma | CVD | Predictive of all‐cause death, MI and cardiac mortality | 102 |
| ADAMTS‐1 | Aorta and coronary artery | Atherosclerosis | Upregulated in the intima when plaque is present | 43 |
| Cathepsin G | Plasma | Atherosclerosis | Reduced in patients with atherosclerosis | 103 |
| Cathepsin K | Plasma | CAD | Elevated plasma levels in patients with CAD | 104 |
| Collagen III | Serum | Acute MI | High levels of collagen III fragments predict mortality | 105 |
| Serum | CAD | Collagen III fragments predictive for atherosclerosis | 85 | |
| Collagen IV | Coronary artery | Atherosclerosis | Aldehyde modifications in collagen IV increase risk of clinical events | 106 |
| Osteopontin | Carotid artery | Atherosclerosis | Predictive of vascular complications | 82 |
| Periostin | Cardiac valve | Atherosclerotic VHD | Upregulated in patients with atherosclerotic VHD | 107 |
| Versican | Plasma | Atherosclerosis | Degradation fragments elevated in patients with atherosclerotic diseases | 108 |
| Fibronectin | Abdominal aorta | Atherosclerosis | Enriched in atherosclerotic plaques | 109 |
| Elastin | Carotid artery | Atherosclerosis | Elevated levels of elastin fragments associated with symptomatic carotid stenosis | 110 |
| Tenascin‐C | n/a | Atherosclerosis | SNP associated with atherosclerosis and CAD | 111 |
| Matrix Gla protein | n/a | Atherosclerosis | SNP influences calcification and is associated with increased risk of MI | 112 |
| Galectin‐3 | Plasma | CAD | Increased levels are strong predictor of cardiovascular death | 113 |
CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; VHD, valvular heart disease.