. 2015 Aug 20;69(10):1184–1208. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12693

Table 3.

Study and patient characteristics selected from the literature analysis

First author	LUTS	No. of patients	Study design	Level of evidence	Intervention	Start of treatment (after RP/RT)	Active treatment mean follow‐up
Conservative management
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)
Campbell et al. 72	UI	1937	Systematic review	2A	Conservative management: PFMT	Varied (post‐surgery)	Varied
Centemero et al. 73	UI	118	RCT	1B	Pre and post‐op PFMT vs. Post‐op PFMT	30 d before surgery vs. at catheter removal	3 mo
Centemero et al. 74	UI	143	RCT	1B	Structured PFMT pre‐op vs. post‐op PFMT	30 and 15 d pre‐op	3 mo
Dieperink et al. 75	Urinary, bowel, sexual, and hormonal symptoms	161	RCT	1B	TG guided sessions vs. standard care	Pre and 4 wk post RT/ADT	20 wk
Dubbelman et al. 76	UI	70	RCT	1B	Physiotherapist‐guided PFMT vs. information only folder	Immediately after surgery	26 wk = 6 mo
Faithfull et al. 77	LUTS	71	Case series	4	Self‐management: PFMT Bladder retraining Patient education Problem solving and coping strategies	≥ 3 mo post RT	4 mo
Filocamo et al. 78	UI	300	RCT	1B	Structured PFMT program vs. no formal instructions re PFMT	After catheter removal post‐RP	6 mo
Geraerts et al. 79	UI	180	RCT	1B	PFMT pre‐op and continued after surgery vs. PFMT post‐op	3 wk before RP vs. at catheter removal	6 mo
Glazener et al. 80	UI	787 (2 trials; 411 after RP and 442 after TURP)	RCT	1B	PFMT with physiotherapist vs. lifestyle advise only (no PFMT info)	6 wk after surgery	12 mo
Goode et al. 81	UI	208	RCT	1B	Behavioural therapy vs. behavioural therapy + in‐office, dual‐channel electromyograph biofeedback and daily pelvic floor electrical stimulation vs. delayed treatment^*	≥ 1 yr after RP	12 mo
Khoder et al. 17	UI	911	Retrospective cohort analysis	4	PFMT Anal electrical stimulation (AES) Lifestyle adjustment, Combination	Varied (post‐RP)	Varied
Lin et al. 76	UI	67	RCT	1B	PFMT vs. no exercise	At catheter removal after surgery	6 mo
Marchiori 18	UI	332	RCT	1B	Tutored and guided pelvic training program vs. no program (patients asked to perform same PFMT at home)	1 mo after RP	12 mo
Mariotti et al. 19	UI	60	RCT	1B	PFES + biofeedback vs. control (no treatment)	7 d after surgery	6 mo
Nilssen et al. 83 (based on Overgard subjects)	Urinary, sexual and bowel function	85	RCT	1B	Physiotherapist‐guided PFMT vs. self‐training	Within 12 mo of RP	12 mo
Overgard et al. 16	UI	85	RCT	1B	Physiotherapist‐guided PFMT vs. self‐training	Within 12 mo of RP	12 mo
Park et al. 31	UI	49	RCT	1B	Combined exercise intervention vs. only Kegel exercises	Week 3 after RP	12 wk
Patel et al. 84	UI	284	Retrospective cohort analysis	4	Preop Physiotherapist‐guided PFMT vs. information only Post‐op – both groups had Physiotherapist‐guided PFMT	4 wk pre‐op vs. after surgery	3 mo
Ribeiro et al. 85	UI	73	RCT	1B	PFMT‐biofeedback vs. brief advise on PFMT	15 d after surgery	12 mo
Serdà 86	UI	66	RCT	1B	PFMT	Time n/a (after RP)	24 wk
Tienforti et al. 87	UI	32	RCT	1B	Training session + BFB, supervised PFMT and structured post‐op programme (+post op control visit) vs. post op info only	1 d before surgery vs. At catheter removal	6 mo
Van Kampen et al. 88	UI	102	RCT	1B	PFMT vs. placebo	At catheter removal	1 yr
Wille et al. 89	UI	139	RCT	1B	Instructions about PFMT vs. instructions and ES^† for 15 min twice daily vs. biofeedback for 15 min twice daily	At catheter removal post RP	3 mo
Zahariou et al. 90	UI	58	RCT	1B	Nurse‐supported structured program vs. information only	At catheter removal after RP	6 mo
Oral medication
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (Duloxetine)
Cornu et al. 91	Stress UI (SUI)	31	RCT	1B	80 mg duloxetine daily vs. placebo	>1 yr after RP	3 mo
Filocamo et al. 92	SUI	112	RCT	1B	Duloxetine + rehabilitation vs. rehabilitation	After catheter removal (post RP) for 16 wk	24 wk
Neff et al. 93	Stress UI	94	Case series	4	Duloxetine 30 mg once a week, then 60 mg thereafter	Not specified (Post‐RP)	1 mo
Alpha blockers
Jang et al. 94	Voiding function	94	RCT	1B	Tamsulosin (0.2 mg/day for 7 days) vs. placebo	3 days after rectal surgery	7 days
Oyama et al. 95	LUTS	116	Case series	4	Alpha 1‐adrenoceptor antagonists (tamsulosin, silodosin and naftopidil)	≥ 1 yr after BT
Shimizu et al. 96	LUTS	105	Randomised comparative study	2A	Silodosin 8 mg/day daily for 6 mo	Immediately after BT	12 mo
Tsumura et al. 97	Urinary symptoms	212	RCT	1B	Naftopidil vs. tamsulosin vs. vs. silodosin	1 d after BT	12 mo
Antimuscarinics
Zhang et al. 98	Urinary symptoms	116	RCT	1B	Solifenacin 5 mg for 2 wk vs. placebo	6 h pre‐surgery and daily post‐surgery	2 wk
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5‐I)
Gacci et al. 99	UI	39	RCT	1B	Vardenafil on demand vs. Vardenafil nightly vs. Placebo	Immediately after RP	12 mo
Gandaglia et al. 20	Recovery of sphincter and pelvic floor function	705	Review	4	No PDE5‐I use vs. On‐demand PDE5‐I use vs. Daily PDE5‐I use	30 d after surgery	Mean follow up 29 mo
Other treatments
Bonetta and Di Pierro 100	UTIs	370	Randomised comparative study	IIA	Cranberry extract vs. no extract	During RT	6–7 wk
Campbell et al. 101	Urinary symptoms	112	Comparative study	IIA	Cranberry juice vs. apple juice 354 ml/day	While receiving RT	9 wk (incl 7 wk on RT)
Cowan et al. 102	Urinary symptoms	128	RCT	1B	Cranberry juice vs. placebo beverage	During and post‐RT	6 wk
Matsushita et al. 103	Urinary symptoms	54	Comparative study	IIA	Mecobalamin (Vit B12) vs. no treatment	Pre‐ and post‐RP	12 mo
Sommariva et al. 104	Cystitis	69	Case series	4	Weekly sodium hyaluronate, 40 mg/50 ml + dexamethasone 32 mg (initial 4 wk)	Post RP and post chemo for bladder cancer	24 wk
Tanaka et al. 105	LUTS	37	Comparative study	IIA	Eviprostat vs. no treatment	3 mo pre and 3 mo post BT	6 mo
Containment devices
Fader et al. 106	UI	80	Comparative study	IIA	Penile compression devices (clamp) vs. Sheath drainage systems vs. Body‐worn urinals	≥ 1 yr post‐surgery	3 mo

PFMT, Pelvic floor muscle training; BT, Brachytherapy; RT, Radiotherapy; UTI, Urinary tract infection; TG, Therapist guided; mo, month; wk, week; d, day. *Offered treatment after 8 wk but not during study period. ^†Electrical stimulation.