Table 3.
(a) Factors associated with malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy. (b) Factors associated with underweight in children with cerebral palsy (c) Factors associated with stunting in children with cerebral palsy (d) Factors associated with thinness in children with cerebral palsy (e) Factors associated with wasting in children with cerebral palsy
| Subcategory n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Characteristic (N = 126)a | |||||
| Child >5 years old | |||||
| Yes (36) | 23 (63.9) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.3) | 0.102 | 3.4 (1.2, 9.7) | 0.020 |
| No (90) | 43 (47.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Difficulty feeding in the perinatal period | |||||
| Yes (64) | 38 (59.4) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.6) | 0.110 | 3.2 (1.3, 7.9) | 0.008 |
| No (62) | 28 (45.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Presence of cognitive impairment | |||||
| Yes (93) | 54 (58.1) | 2.4 (1.0, 5.5) | 0.032 | 4.5 (1.6, 12.5) | 0.004 |
| No (33) | 12 (36.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Anaemia (HB >11.0 g/dL) | |||||
| Yes (35) | 24 (68.6) | 2.4 (1.0, 5.7) | 0.038 | 2.3 (0.9, 5.8) | 0.076 |
| No (72) | 34 (47.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| (b) Characteristic (N = 127)b | |||||
| Child >5 years old | |||||
| Yes (35) | 20 (57.1) | 2.3 (1.0, 5.3) | 0.030 | 6.0 (1.9, 19.0) | 0.002 |
| No (92) | 33 (35.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| History of infection in the perinatal period | |||||
| Yes (33) | 19 (57.6) | 2.4 (1.4, 5.4) | 0.032 | 3.6 (1.2, 10.3) | 0.017 |
| No (94) | 34 (36.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Presence of microcephaly | |||||
| Yes (74) | 38 (51.4) | 2.6 (1.2, 5.6) | 0.009 | 2.9 (1.1, 7.4) | 0.024 |
| No (53) | 15 (28.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Delay in sitting without support | |||||
| Yes (80) | 41 (51.2) | 3.0 (1.3, 6.7) | 0.005 | 2.5 (0.9, 6.9) | 0.077 |
| No (47) | 12 (25.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Presence of cognitive impairment | |||||
| Yes (94) | 45 (47.9) | 2.8 (1.2, 7.0) | 0.018 | 4.9 (1.5, 15.8) | 0.008 |
| No (33) | 8 (24.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| (c) Characteristic (N = 128)c | |||||
| History of being kept in hospital after birth | |||||
| Yes (52) | 24 (46.2) | 1.8 (0.8, 3.8) | 0.094 | 2.6 (1.1, 5.9) | 0.028 |
| No (76) | 24 (31.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Signs of ADHD | |||||
| Yes (45) | 21 (46.7) | 1.8 (0.8, 3.8) | 0.115 | 2.3 (0.9, 5.6) | 0.058 |
| No (83) | 27 (32.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| (d) Characteristic (N = 131)d | |||||
| Child's ability to feed self | |||||
| Unable (63) | 21 (33.3) | 4.4 (1.7, 11.1) | 0.001 | 5.2 (1.9, 14.0) | 0.001 |
| Able (68) | 7 (10.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Sex of the child | |||||
| Male (68) | 18 (26.5) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.5) | 0.139 | 2.5 (0.9, 6.5) | 0.053 |
| Female (63) | 10 (15.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Duration of breastfeeding | |||||
| ≤1 year (64) | 18 (28.1) | 2.2 (0.9, 5.2) | 0.065 | 2.3 (0.9, 5.9) | 0.070 |
| >1 year (67) | 10 (14.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| (e) Characteristic (N = 94)e | |||||
| History of infection in the neonatal period | |||||
| Yes (21) | 6 (28.6) | 2.2 (0.7, 7.1) | 0.157 | 3.9 (1.0, 15.7) | <0.048 |
| No (73) | 11 (15.1) | 1.00 | |||
| Duration of breastfeeding | |||||
| ≤1 year (42) | 10 (23.8) | 2.0 (0.6, 5.8) | 0.195 | 2.9 (0.8, 10.1) | 0.088 |
| >1 year (52) | 7 (13.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Mode of communication | |||||
| Nonverbal (34) | 10 (29.4) | 3.1 (1.1, 9.3) | 0.032 | 4.1 (1.2, 14.0) | 0.025 |
| Verbal (60) | 7 (11.7) | 1.00 | |||
| Type of CP | |||||
| Bilateral CP (43) | 12 (27.9) | 3.6 (1.1, 11.1) | 0.023 | 3.6 (1.0, 12.2) | 0.038 |
| Other CP type (51) | 5 (9.8) | 1.00 | |||
Number = 126 after excluding outlier values, children ≤5 years old and those of age >10 years. The variables child's duration of breastfeeding, mode of communication and history of trauma to the head had a p‐value <0.2 and were also included in the logistic regression model but were not significant.
Number 127 after excluding outlier values and children of age >10 years. The following variables child's ability to feed self, duration of breastfeeding, presence of anaemia, type of residence, mode of communication, history of infection in the neonatal period and history of assistance to breathe at birth had a p‐value <0.2 and were also included in the logistic regression model, but were not significant.
Number = 128 after excluding all other outlier values. Child's type of cerebral palsy (CP), presence of cognitive impairment, history of difficult delivery and history of assistance to breathe at birth had a p‐value <0.2 and were also included in the logistic regression model, but were not significant.
Number = 131 after excluding all other outlier values. The variables child's type of cerebral palsy (CP), mode of communication, presence of cognitive impairment/visual impairment/attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/epilepsy, age at solid food introduction, history of deep jaundice in the neonatal period, history of seizures in the neonatal period and history of infection in the neonatal period had a p‐value <0.2 and were also included in the logistic regression model, but were not significant.
Number = 94 after including only those ≤5 years old. The variables child's history of difficulty in feeding in the perinatal period, difficulty breathing in the neonatal period and presence of visual impairment had a p‐value <0.2 and were also included in the logistic regression model, but were not significant. n represents the number for each nutritional indicator; a p‐value <0.05 indicates statistical significance.
CP, cerebral palsy; ADHD, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.