Table 1.

QuIS Category Definitions.

QuIS Category	QuIS Category Definitions
	Dean et al. (1993)	McLean et al. (2014)
Positive Social	Interaction Principally involving ‘good, constructive, beneficial’ conversation and companionship	· Interactions, which may be expected to make the service user feel valued, cared about or respected as a person. This is achieved through: •Polite, friendly and respectful interactions in which any element is: Casual/informal and relating to ‘everyday’ social topics (e.g. family; sport; weather; TV programmes) or •Responding to concerns/interests/topics introduced by the service user
Positive Care	Interactions during the appropriate delivery of physical care.	Interactions, which may be expected to make the service user feel safe, secure, cared for or informed as a patient. This is achieved through polite, professional, respectful or good humoured interactions in which the topic is largely determined by staff and restricted to issues of care delivery (E.g. “your discharge”; “your wash”; “your medication”; “your surgery”).
Neutral	Brief, indifferent interactions not meeting the definitions of the other categories.	Interactions and which would not be expected to impact on the feelings of the service user, which they would be indifferent to or which they may barely notice. Interactions with no positive or negative aspects
Negative Protective	Providing care, keeping safe or removing from danger, but in a restrictive manner, without explanation or reassurance: in a way, which disregards dignity or fails to demonstrate respect for the individual.	Interactions that may be expected to make the service user feel rushed, misunderstood, frustrated or poorly informed as a patient. Such interactions fail to fully maintain dignity or demonstrate respect due to the focus of staff on doing their ‘work’. Staff may appear rushed or task orientated.
Negative Restrictive	Interactions that oppose or resist peoples’ freedom of action without good reason, or which ignore them as a person.	Interactions which may be expected to leave the service user feel ignored, devalued or humiliated as a person. Such interactions may be rude, abusive or controlling and pay no regard to the perspective of the patient. Patients expressed needs/preferences are ignored or denied and staff may be authoritative, controlling, rude or angry.