Table 5.
Multilevel* logistic regression results: odds ratios (OR) of a negative (combined over protective and restrictive) interaction (n = 1554).
| Variables | Model A (each predictive variable on its own) OR [95%CI] | Model B (for all predictive variables) Adjusted OR [95%CI] | Model C (for patient and staff contextual variables) adjusted OR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient’s characteristics | |||
| Age (per year increase) | 1.05 [1.01, 1.10] | 1.02 [0.98, 1.07] | 1.05 [0.99, 1.10] |
| Male (vs female) | 1.12 [0.27, 4.65] | 2.65 [0.39, 18.01] | 1.89 [0.42, 8.47] |
| With cognitive Impairment (vs without) | 1.69 [0.73, 3.91] | 1.15 [0.53, 2.50] | 1.37 [0.59, 3.18] |
| Patient was agitated (vs non agitated) | 5.82 [2.21, 15.31] | 2.44 [0.82, 7.26] | 5.97 [2.23, 16.01] |
| Type of staff (when only one member of staff is present) | |||
| Registered nurse (n = 517) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Student nurse (n = 4) | 9.51 [0.75, 120.62] | 7.56 [0.46, 125.09] | 10.99 [0.87, 138.95] |
| Health care assistant (n = 494) | 0.91[0.54,1.52] | 0.81 [0.44, 1.49] | 0.90 [0.53, 1.53] |
| Doctor (n = 46) | 0.97 [0.31, 3.05] | 1.33 [0.37, 4.76] | 1.07 [0.34, 3.43] |
| Allied health professional (n = 41) | 0.89 [0.22, 3.59] | 1.34 [0.26, 6.82] | 1.03 [0.25, 4.27] |
| Other type of staff (n = 318) | 1.20 [1.03, 4.98] | 0.96 [0.45, 2.03] | 1.30 [0.75, 2.27] |
| Interaction characteristics | |||
| Length of interaction (in s) | 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] | 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] | |
| Visitors present (vs no visitors) | 0.17 [0.05, 0.59] | 0.31 [0.09, 1.09] | 0.24 [0.07, 0.84] |
| Interaction initiated by patient (vs interaction initiated by staff) | 7.43 [4.67, 11.85] | 5.30 [3.07, 9.16] | |
| One way communication (vs two way communication) | 7.75 [4.64, 12.94] | 10.70 [5.64, 20.28] | |
| Interaction content | |||
| Assessment | 1.17 [0.34, 4.07] | 1.48 [0.34, 6.45] | |
| Communication | 3.67 [1.93, 6.99] | 2.56[1.18, 5.54] | |
| Functional | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Personal care | 3.67 [1.90, 7.11] | 4.10 [1.84, 9.14] | |
| Planning | 1.37 [0.56, 3.35] | 1.67 [0.60, 4.71] | |
| Treatments | 2.17 [0.81, 5.83] | 2.76 [0.85, 8.94] | |
| Other | 20.93 [6.89, 63.59] | 8.36 [2.42, 28.91] | |
| Number of staff in interaction 1 2 3+ |
1.00 2.14 [1.02, 4.49] 2.76 [0.79, 9.62] |
1.00 5.86 [2.33, 14.74] 6.46 [1.45, 28.80] |
1.00 2.65[1.17, 5.96] 2.26[0.60, 8.46] |
| Observation session characteristics | |||
| Number of patients per nurse (per unit increase) | 1.26 [0.60, 2.66] | 1.60 [0.50, 5.09] | 1.02 [0.41, 2.51] |
| Skill mix (per unit increase) | 0.00 [0.00, 4.26] | 0.00 [0.00, 45.03] | 0.00 [0.00, 5.53] |
| Total number of interactions for that patient (per unit increase) | 1.11 [1.05, 1.18] | 1.09 [1.03, 1.15] | |
| Variance component (SE) [95% CI] | |||
| Ward (n = 6) | 1.76 (1.70) [0.27, 11.58] | 1.02 (1.00) [0.15, 6.93] | |
| Observation session level (n = 60) | 3.49 (1.29) [1.68, 7.22] | 1.60 (0.78) [0.61, 4.19] | |
| Patient level (n = 133) | 0.09 (0.28) [0.00, 35.59] | 0.95 (0.47) [0.37, 2.49] | |
*
All models include ward, observation session and patient as random effects. Bold results indicate statistically significant at 5% level.